1. India Water Week 2016 "CS4: Basin Level Management Initiatives” Dr Robert Carr CEO

2. Australian Water Policy Coordination Each State responsible for management of its natural resources eg land and water Federal Government involved in coordination, funding

3. Development decades – before 1990’s Didn’t know who was entitled to what water Unmeasured water use Inefficient water use Fully or over-allocated many river systems Difficulties in moving water to higher value uses Poor pricing policy Inefficient institutional structures Poor return to economy from water use Environmental degradation Environmental, social and economic costs of exceeding resource use limits Ackn: Prof. Jane Doolan

4. Land clearing and poor irrigation practices causing salinity

5. Erosion

6. River mouth sedimentation and closure

7. Toxic algal blooms caused by prolonged low flows

8. Loss of native waterbirds, fish and vegetation

9. Australia’s top 3 river basin & water issues Over-allocation of resources Rapid and poorly managed expansion of irrigation Uncontrolled groundwater use Diminishing water security Climate change and drought Urban population growth Environmental degradation Salinity Toxic algal blooms Loss of native fish, birds and floodplain vegetation

10. Key Elements of Water Reform Integrated water planning to provide Clear, secure water entitlements for all users Environmental entitlements and provisions Improved participatory decision making Functioning water markets (ability to redistribute water use for higher economic return) Improved information base - monitoring, metering and water accounting Focus on efficiency Irrigation – High value crops, sustainable irrigation industry Urban – security of supply and liveability Rebalancing human and environmental use of water Ackn: Prof. Jane Doolan

11. Increasing Human Water Use over Time 19601970192019301940198020202010 2000 19901950 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 Salinity issues first emerged National Water Initiative National Water Initiative Basin Plan Human Environmental Algal bloom chokes the Darling Murray Mouth closes Long-term average total water availability Cap on Use Env. Water Principles Cap on Use Env. Water Principles

12. Water Accounting and Sharing Policies Water Accounting is the process by which water use is counted as debits and credits against an account like a financial system and are part of a “Water P&L/Balance Sheet” for the reporting region. Water Accounting reports give decisions makers information in a form which is familiar to asset managers. Water Sharing is the policy by which water is divided amongst users and informs the water accounts. Sharing can be in accordance with many kinds of rules: Based on flow thresholds and time of year (flood, drought) Can share throughout the system based on priorities defined by different methods (e.g. laws, agreements or court rulings) The intrinsic value of water is reflected in the various agreements embedded in the water sharing plans

13. Government institutions realigned and strengthened to enable and implement IWRM change Separation of service delivery, policy and regulation New policies, legislation, strategies and plans, coordinated at National and State levels New economic, legal and regulatory instruments and approaches driving implementation (enabling and driving more efficient allocation and use) Cost-reflective pricing Monitoring and reporting of policy implementation: ensuring plans and agencies held accountable 13 Key Elements of Water Reform in MDB (2)

14. Water moving from lower value to higher value irrigation

15. ..… from irrigation to cities

16. …and from irrigation to the environment Environmental flows purchases by Governments

17. Integrated surface- and ground-water use

18. Driving Philosophy: You can’t manage what you can’t describe and measure Models and Data to support decisions Must move from perceptions to fact Sufficient certainty enables the hard questions and tradeoffs to be tackled. It is better to be approximately right than definitely wrong (continuous improvement)

19. Surface and groundwater models used in the 18 MDB reporting regions Paroo IQQM Warrego IQQM Nebine IQQM Condamine MODFLOW Middle Condamine IQQM St George SGCS13NT Lower Balonne IQQM Upper Condamine IQQM Border Rivers IQQM Border Rivers MODFLOW Moonie IQQM Gwydir IQQM Lower Gwydir MODFLOW Eastern Mt Lofty Ranges 6*WATERCRESS Daily Weekly Monthly Barwon-Darling IQQM Menindee IQQM Peel IQQM Upper Namoi MODFLOW Namoi IQQM Lower Namoi MODFLOW Macq-Castlereagh 6*IQQM Macquarie MODFLOW Wimmera REALM Lachlan IQQM Mid-Lachlan MODFLOW Lower Lachlan MODFLOW Ovens REALM GSM REALM Avoca REALM Snowy SIM_V9 Murray BigMod Murray MSM Southern Riverine Plains MODFLOW Upper Bidgee IQQM ACTEW REALM Mid Bidgee MODFLOW Bidgee IQQM Lower Bidgee MODFLOW

20. 2003 - Major national water research and technology initiatives Bureau of Meteorology - Australian Water Resources Information System eWater Cooperative Research Centre – A national water modelling toolset and capacity building CSIRO Water for a Healthy Country - research program for sustainable management of water resources.

21. Evolution of eWater 1992 1994 2004 2007 COAG Reform Hydrological Tools & Methods 13 Years, 14 Partners, $50M River Ecology & Science 12 Years, 13 Partners, $50M National Water Initiative 2012 New Water Act New MDBA eWaterCRC eWater Source eWater Ltd NHMP MDB Plan Modelling frameworks to manage human & ecological use of water. $160M 2015 New Structure eWater Solutions AWP

22. eWater Not-for-profit Australian Government Company eWS provides software development, capacity building and adoption support

23. Models have a long history of use Most important water management decisions are based to some extent on modelling Important strategies such as the Cap, the Basin Salinity Management Strategy and Continuous Water Accounting based on Registers maintained by the models. Modelling to Support Adaptive Policy

24. Water Accounting A general purpose water accounting report shall provide information useful to users of that report for making and evaluating decisions about the allocation of resources. Decisions about the allocation of resources may include: decisions about the management or trade of water and water rights or obligations over time the provision of water-related services whether there is a need to build additional infrastructure to store the water of a water report entity. The elements of a general purpose water accounting report are: water assets; water liabilities; net water assets; changes in water assets; and changes in water liabilities link to examplelink to example

25. eWater Source - a new multi-purpose modelling capability Source overcomes limitations of earlier generation tools which have struggled to handle modern water management complexity in Australia Increased Water Policy and Governance Expectations Focus on water use efficiency (eg. tradeable rights, environmental water) Ecological outcomes and Climate uncertainty Source establishes a nationally consistent forecasting and planning capability, integrating: Balancing human and environmental needs Conjunctive surface and groundwater use Rural and urban supply Water use and reuse Planning and operational requirements Managing Water Accounting and Sharing

26. Energy Sector DAMS & WEIRS IRRIGATION Demand CITIES Runoff = Supply eWater Source – IWRM supply and demand of water quantity and quality - local to basin scale Groundwater = Supply Fisheries and Wetlands Plus addition of the policy dimension

27. Node Water Quality Catchment Load Generation - The combination of processes produces an output for a particular landuse type within a subcatchment Filter Model Constituent generation model Rainfall runoff model FU1

28. Reservoirs and Dams Storage volume/area/level relationship Multiple types of outlets (spillway, gated spillway and valve) Multiple outlet paths Seepage Net evaporation Hydropower Ownership: Shares of volume and outlet capacity, internal spilling and ceding Order water from upstream storages to maintain targets

29. Demand Models Different demand models Time series Expression Irrigation Urban Environment Water user storage (on-farm or urban) Multiple extraction points including groundwater Multiple licences with priority setting Recharge to groundwater model Return flow to confluence

30. What time of year is important? How often should it occur? Continuous flood, add up short floods or specify a number of floods How long should it last? Flow threshold? – natural drought? Are there maximum rates of rise and fall restrictions? Days Rate (ML/D) Percentage – daily percentage change If multiple spells should there be a gap between them? If multiple small spells, is there a minimum duration? Ecosystem Services Flood/Fresh Rule

31. Processes: Pumping from Unconfined Aquifer Pumping from Semi-Confined Aquifer Irrigation Recharge Floodplain Recharge Return Flows Quality (fixed conc) Groundwater - Reach scale models that estimates the flux between a river and the connected aquifer

32. “Owners” might include: Jurisdictions: States, Provinces etc. Sources: Surface, Groundwater, Desal, Recycled etc. Sectors: Hydropower, Irrigation, Urban, Environment etc. Social/Political: Social groupings, Economic Groupings Define Sectors as additional Governance layer

33. Plugins are compiled.NET libraries which extend Source to perform custom behaviour Plugins allow third-parties to create modules which can be used to perform custom tasks Can be based on TIME Libraries Adaptive Model Framework - Plugins Examples of ways plugins can be used to customise Source: ●New Nodes ●Custom User Interfaces ●Constituent Generation Models ●Constituent Filter Models ●Additional parameterisers ●Results Transformations ●Data Importing / Exporting from Web/Database/Files

35. Murray-Darling - Southern Interconnected Basin

36. Represented the Murray and Lower Darling River System in Source, including integration of water policy Currently understanding the transition from modelling the system at a monthly to daily timestep Adoption of Source model is dependent upon agreement by the Basin States as it represents the legal agreements AVERAGE ANNUALSourceMSM SYSTEM DIVERSIONS*(GL/Year) NSW Murray Diversions1,7361,733 NSW Lower Darling Diversions5256 VIC Diversions1,7241,662 SA Diversions656670 Kiewa Diversions11 Ovens Diversion25 Total Diversions4,2064,158 * Work in Progress - example of comparison of models † Work in Progress †

37. Public Published Modelling Information Annual flows at the end of the River Murray System (barrages) for the 1) without development 2) baseline and Basin Plan-2400, Basin Plan 2800 and Basin Plan 3200 scenarios.

38. Water Accounting – treating water as an economic good All water use is reported publically: State water accounts (annual or continuous) Uses traditional legal & accounting practices Inflows, use & storage (‘Profit & Loss’, Balance Sheet) State water register (‘Share Register’)

39. New South Wales and Victoria MDB accounts Victoria keeps water in reserve

40. National Water Account www.bom.gov.au/water/nwa www.bom.gov.au/water/nwa Published online Input from many jurisdictional agencies NWA 2010

41. User Products

42. Indian Context

43. In October 2012, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard announced a Water Science and Technology Partnership with India, which is already leading to significant collaboration on one of the most important issues affecting both countries – water scarcity. The next steps in the India-Australia Water Science and Technology Partnership have been announced by Foreign Minister Bob Carr while visiting New Delhi for talks on regional security and economic issues. Australia will collaborate with India’s Ministry of Water Resources to pilot the Source river basin modelling platform—developed by eWater CRC in partnership with Australian state and Federal government agencies and industry and research organisations. India-Australia Water Science and Technology Partnership 24 th January 2013

44. eWater signed an agreement 10 th April 2013 with the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi to share Australia’s national hydrological modelling platform, eWater Source. The technology and training package will enable IIT Delhi to become a Centre of Excellence for Source to assist Indian central and state governments develop river basin plans to improve water management. Australia’s High Commissioner to India, Patrick Suckling said, “The agreement marks a high point in our bilateral cooperation on water resource management. This technology transfer and partnership demonstrates Australia’s scientific excellence and our commitment to sharing expertise to support sustainable development with India.” eWater & IIT Delhi Cooperate to build Centre of Excellence in eWater Source

45. Guiding Principles for Modelling Adaptive Complexity. Matching models, data and outcomes eg. as study becomes more complex, use more complex models, evaluate uncertainty Flexibility – foster research and address uncertainty No one right solution – multiple options eg. all models are approximations, additional uncertainty Openness and Community Collaborative approach to development and access eg. free, open development platform Defensible Good/Best Practice - Tools and Applications eg. Good Practice Guidelines)

46. Progression of Basins 2013 Brahmani-Baitarani Pilot - 3 States 2015 2016 2014 4 Basins Project Yamuna Narmada Palar Mahi Upper Godavari Maharashtra 6 Basins = 4+ Godavari Krishna ADB Tungabhadra Andhra Pradesh

47. Cycle of Learning & Partnership New Knowledge Encapsulate in Tool Problem- Based Learning Reflect on Experience Start with Meaningful problem Manage the Process Open Adaptive Framework Disseminate to inform & encourage engagement Collect Data and Knowledge, Involve those with stake in solving problem Move forwards again

48. Network of Excellence MOWR/ CWC IIT/NIH States IIT/NIH Building Capacity in Individuals Teams Organisations

49. eWater’s commitment: Support the needs of our Partners Provide Technology Transfer, information and tools to meet needs Work to remove or minimise obstacles 1 2 Capacity building Gateway to Operational Managers Networks of Excellence 3

50. Thank You! http://ewater.org.au/