1. Chapter 8

3. Colonial Rule  Division in colonial society in Latin America 1. Peninsulares (European born- only ones who could hold high political offices) 2. Creole (Spaniards born in Latin America) 3. Mestizos (mixed European & Indian ancestry) 4. Mulattos (mixed European & African) 5. Slaves and Indians  Most of the population disliked the division and due to American & French Revolutions, Enlightenment ideas and events in Europe under Napoleon, many in LA sought to gain their independence

4. Independence in Latin America  With your group collect the information about your country  Have it checked by Mrs. Brant within the allotted time

5. Answer it…  How was the Haitian Revolution different from revolutions in the rest of Latin America?

7. Political Philosophies  Conservatives: wanted to protect traditional gov’ts (monarchies)  Wealthy property owners and nobles  Liberal: wanted to give more power to elected parliaments but only educated and landowners could vote  Mostly middle class  Radical: favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people

8. Nationalism  Belief that people’s greatest loyalty should be to the nation  Believe those who share a common culture and history should unite under 1 gov’t  Leads to growth of nation-states: nation w/ its own independent gov’t  Defends territory, way of life and represents nation to the rest of the world  1815- only France, Spain and England were nation- states

9. Greeks win self-rule  1 st to win self-rule: Greeks  Had been controlled by Ottoman Empire; rebel 1821 (supported by Europe)  1827- British, French and Russian forces destroy Ottoman fleet  1830- treaty signed giving Greece independence

10. Revolutions of 1830  Belgians declared independence from Dutch  Italy tried to unite  Prince Metternich sent Austrian troops to stop  Poland revolts against Russia  Crushed within a year

11. Revolutions of 1848 fail  Liberal uprisings erupted throughout Austrian Empire  Call in Budapest for self-rule of Hungary  Prague- Czechs want independence  Mob in Vienna leads to Prince Metternich resigning- only thing accomplished by the 1848 uprisings

12. Radicals change France  Goal: democratic gov’t  1830- King Charles X tried to rtn to absolute monarchy; fled and replaced by Louis-Philippe  1848- mob in Paris set up republic  Feuding btw ideas of reforms: political vs. social and economic  Result- moderate constitution with parliament and president, elected by the ppl  1848- Louis Napoleon wins, 4 yrs later makes himself emperor Napoleon III  Built RRs, industrialized France

13. Reform in Russia  1820s- many desire change and end to serfdom (czar refuses)  1853-1856 Crimean War (takes place under Czar Nicholas I)  Russia wants part of Ottoman Empire  Fails b/c Britain, France, Ottomans and Sardinia unite against them AND Russia lacked RRs and industries needed to support troops  Czar Alexander II (1855) reformed Russia  1861- freed serfs: as peasants given land but had to pay back in 49 years  When assassinated in 1881- reforms halted  Czar Alexander III – power of czar, encouraged industrialization

14. Breakup of Empires  All had many different ethnic/cultural peoples within their borders  Austrian Empire  1867- Emperor Francis Joseph split the empire due to Hungarian desire for a separate state; becomes Austrian-Hungary Empire  Breaks into several countries after WWI  Russian Empire  Russification- forced Russian culture on all ppl  Strengthened nationalist mvmts  Last czar abdicates 1917  Ottoman Empire  1856- grants citizenship to all ppl under their rule (angers some Turks)  Armenian nationalism increased; leads to various genocides against them  Dissolves after WWI

15. Nationalism: Italy and Germany  Complete Case Study questions dealing with nationalism in Italy and Germany

16. Answer the EQ  How did nationalism challenge the conservative order of Europe and create new political orders?

18. Romanticism Late 18 th to mid 19 th century (late 1700s to mid-1800s)  Reflected interest in nature and in thoughts and feelings; emotional, reject middle class order  Poetry the highest form of expression  William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Lord Byron, Percy Shelley, John Keats, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Jakob & Wilhelm Grimm, Victor Hugo  Mary Shelley- gothic novel “Frankenstein”  Composers emphasized emotion  Ludwig van Beethoven “Ninth Symphony”, Chopin, Verdi

19. Realism Began Mid- 19 th century  Showed life as it was  Reflected importance of working class  Influenced by industrialization, interest in scientific method, invention of the camera  Honore de Balzac, Emile Zola, Charles Dickens

20. Impressionism Began 1860s  React against realism, show their “impression” of a subject  Showed positives of urban society, glorified life of middle class  Monet, Degas, Renoir  Composers tried to compose mental pictures Water Lilies -Claude Monet