2. Peace & Conflict - Keywords Conflict resolutionThe United NationsPeaceAggression Conscientious Objector Just WarPacifismWeapons of mass destruction BullyingRespectForgivenessReconciliation

3. Why do wars occur? 1) Religion Example: Israel/Palestine: some extremist Jews/Muslims believe the land has been given to them by God Iraq: Sunni and Shia Muslims Ireland: Catholics and Protestants 2) Economics/Greed Some countries might want a resource another country has (e.g. oil) If economy is bad, people might leave that country and go to others: this can cause conflict Example: Iraq (2003) oil? Zimbabwe refugees unwanted in South Africa 3)Ideology/Politics Strong views about how a country should be run could lead to war Example: When North Korea became communist, the US army invaded 4) Nationalism/Ethnicity When an ethnic group much larger than the others in the country can favour their own group Example: Nazi Germany Kosovo

4. What does/can the UN do to promote peace? 1 ) Economic Sanctions (restrictions can be based on a country’s trade transactions with other countries) 2) Restrict Travel (particularly to the country) 3) Peace-keeping forces (can be sent into countries to ensure peace is kept) 4) Air strikes (countries meet to discuss and vote on action, this can include air strikes on targets that are being used to cause war)

5. What was the situation in Kosovo? -Kosovo was a small state next to Serbia made up of mainly ethnic Albanians (80% Albanians, 20% Serbs) -In 1989 the President of Serbia, Slobodan Milosevic took control of Kosovo - The Serbian army began a mass execution of Albanian Kosovans - Thousands were being murdered What did the UN do to promote peace? - Agreed to a NATO (alliance of countries) bombing campaign to drive Serbian troops out of Kosovo -Sent in a peace-keeping force to keep out the Serbian army -Helped Kosavar politicians to set up their own political parties

6. Practice Questions Remember: c) questions require 4 reasons b) questions require 2 explained reasons C)Explain how the United Nations works for world peace (8 marks) B)Do you think the UN do enough to promote world peace? (4 marks) B) Do you think there will ever be world peace? (4 marks)

7. Some Christians are pacifists because… “If someone strikes you on the right cheek, turn to them the other one also” (do not retaliate) “All who live by the sword, die by the sword” One of the 10 Commandments is “Thou Shalt Not Kill” “Blessed are the peacemakers for they will enter the kingdom of heaven” (Jesus)

8. Some Christians think war can be justified if it meets certain conditions. Thomas Aquinas set out conditions when war would be justified. P roper Authority J ust cause E stablish peace R easonable chance of success L last resort S ufficient use of force C ivillian deaths mut be avoided Poor Juliet Easily Reheated Last Saturday’s Chips

9. Some Christians are not pacifists because… Thomas Aquinas (Just War Theory) If the war is just (meets the just war principles) then it is the moral thing to do St. Augustine War is allowed if the purpose of the war is peace St. Paul said “everyone must submit to governing authorities because it is God who has given them that position” What does this mean?

10. Most Muslims support Just Wars because… The Qur’an: it’s the duty of Muslims to fight in a just war The Qur’an: teaches Muslims that if they are to die in a just war they will go straight to paradise Fought himself in just wars Taught Muslims to fight in just wars Some Muslims are against all war because they believe that due to 21 st century weaponry, no war today can ever be just

11. d) questions -2 parts both worth 3 marks -You must refer to either Christians and/or Muslims -Decide whether you are for or against and go with it! AgreeDisagree

12. Example d) “Religious people should all be pacifists” AgreeDisagree

13. d) “Religious people should all be pacifists” Agree 1)Some Christians: Jesus taught people to “turn the other cheek” (not retaliate) and he is the Son of God according to Christians 2) Some Muslims believe no war today can be just because of the weapons and technology available (cause too much harm) 3)Some Christians: Bible says “Thou shalt not kill” 4)Some Christians: Jesus said “Blessed are the peacemakers”: only those who promote peace will go to heaven Disagree 1)Some Christians: JUST WAR (If a war is just it would be a sin not to fight in it) 2)Some Muslims: The Qur’an teaches Muslims it is their duty to fight in JUST WARS 3)Some Muslims: The Qur’an teaches Muslims they will go straight to paradise if they fight and die in a just war 4)Some Christians: St. Paul taught Christians to obey those in authority: so if the government decide war then they must be followed

14. Christians should only use violence where there is a just cause. Bullying = not a just cause God created everyone in his own image Bullying= treating someone as if they were not important Christians don’t want to be bullied for their beliefs so they should not bully others Parable of the Sheep and Goats: Christians have a duty to protect the weak if they want to go to heaven. Bullying= doing the opposite of this= HELL

15. All Muslims are brothers to each-other (part of the ummah): bullying= not treating someone as if they were your brother Muslims believe Allah created everyone to have human rights. Bullying= taking away someone’s human rights The Qur’an teaches Muslims to protect the vulnerable in society

16. Jesus forgave his killers when he was crucified “Forgive them father for they know not what they do” When Peter (one of Jesus’ disciples) asked Jesus if 7x was enough to forgive someone; Jesus replied saying 70x10 times (meaning you should never stop forgiving) Catholic Christians go to confession to confess their sins. They believe all humans commit sin and so should forgive everyone. Christians want God to forgive them of their sins after they die, so they must also try to forgive others

17. Allah is a merciful and forgiving God so Muslims should try to be like him and forgive others Muslims want Allah to forgive them for their sins on Judgement Day, so they must also be willing to forgive others There are many sayings of Prophet Muhammad that encourage Muslims to forgive The Qur’an teaches that those who forgive will be rewarded

18. How would this cause conflict in the family? Children no longer wanting to take part in their religion Parents could dis-own their children, causing arguments Children wanting to marry a partner from a different faith This could cause arguments as parents may insist on the child marrying someone of the same religion. Also raises issues of where wedding will take place and bringing up of children. Children becoming more religious than their parents E.g. could wake parents up for morning prayer/insist on fasting: this could lead to arguments Disagreements over moral issues E.g. Muslims against alcohol: if child decided to open an Off License this could cause disagreement and argument

19. Take direct non-violent action to try to stop war in areas of conflict -Talk to people on anti-war protests to promote peace -Write letters to the government to persuade them to adopt peaceful policy -Try to reduce poverty to stop conflict Muslim Peace Fellowship: -Promotes non-violent Jihad -Gets involved with other religions to try and take non-violent action to promote justice

20. b) questions… -Ask for your opinion -Require you to give 2 reasons and explain them -You can say “On the other hand…” if you can’t think of 2 reasons for the same point of view - Use POINT EXPLAIN EXAMPLE Example: “Do you think it is always possible to forgive?”

21. I don’t think it is always possible to forgive someone. This is because sometimes the actions of someone else have caused you too much pain and suffering that you cannot forgive them. For example, if someone murdered your parents, this would make you seriously unhappy because you would miss them so greatly that you would find it impossible to forgive the person/people who took them away. Another reasons why I don’t think it is always possible to forgive is Sometimes people who cause harm to others do not deserve to be forgiven. For example, if someone murders a thousand people and shows no regret over their actions, they do not deserve to be forgiven because they are not sorry for what they’ve done.

22. More b) questions... “Do you think bullies should be excluded from school?” “Do you think there can ever be a just war?” “Do you think religion causes conflict in families?” “Do you think religious people do enough to stop bullying?” “Do you think it is ever worth forgiving?”

23. Back to d) questions… REMEMBER: If it helps: use a table to get you to think of 3 reasons for and 3 reasons against the statement… YOU MUST REFER TO A RELIGION! AgreeDisagree

24. Example “There should never be conflict in a religious family” AgreeDisagree

25. Agree 1)In a religious family everyone will have the same beliefs so will get along well (e.g. Muslims will all agree gambling is wrong so there won’t be disagreements over it) 2)In a religious family, members will take part in the same activities (e.g. Christian family: go to church on a Sunday bringing them together) 3) Religions promote peace and so religious family members will try not to argue (e.g. if Christian family, members will try to follow Jesus’ teaching, “love your neighbour” Disagree 1)Moral Issues: some members of the family might think the behaviour of another family member is wrong (e.g. Christian family and sex before marriage) 2)Marriage: if one member wanted to marry someone of a different religion, this could cause arguments 3) Leaving the religion: if one member wanted to leave the religion of parents/other family members this could cause arguments/dis- ownership “There should never be conflict in a religious family”

26. More d) questions... “Religious people should never go to war” “Some things are unforgivable” “If everyone believed in the same religion there would be no war” “Bullies should be forgiven not punished” “The United Nations has done more to promote world peace than religion has”

27. Peace & Conflict - Keywords Conflict resolution Bringing a conflict/argument to a peaceful conclusion The United Nations An international body set up to promote world peace World peace Absence of war/conflict Aggression Attacking someone/country without being provoked Conscientious Objector Someone who refuses to fight in war Just War The conditions set out by Thomas Aquinas that mean war is the moral action to take Pacifism The belief in non- violence Weapons of mass destruction Weapons that can devastate large areas and kill many people Bullying Intimidating or frightening someone weaker than yourself Respect Treating a person and their feelings with consideration Forgiveness Stopping blaming someone/pardoning someone for what they have done Reconciliation Bringing people together after they were in conflict with each other