1. Government Engineering College, Rajkot
Branch - Civil
Subject – Building Construction

2. Presented By---- _

3. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

4. Why Know Building Construction
To alert you to potential construction hazards,
To enable a safe and effective fire attack,
By knowing basic building construction types, we can approximate how fire will spread and allow us to extinguish it quickly,
“The building is your enemy… know your enemy” Francis L. Brannigan.

5. Classification of the Construction Sector
3 Basic Headings
3 Categories of Input Resources
50 Input Resources
Construction and Civil Engineering
Residential Building
Civil Engineering
Non-Residential Building
Machinery
Equipment
Labor 38 5 7
Materials & Products
Equipment items
Labour services
Machinery
Equipment
Labor 38 5 7
Materials & Products
Equipment items
Labour services
Machinery
Equipment
Labor 38 5 7
Materials & Products
Equipment items
Labour services

6. Types of building construction
There are TWO basic types of construction: “It either burns (combustible) or it does not burn (noncombustible)”
All buildings in the US are constructed by one of the five construction categories;
Type “1” - Fire Resistive – Least Combustible
Type “2” - Non-Combustible
Type “3” - Ordinary
Type “4” - Heavy Timber
Type “5” - Wood Frame – Most Combustible
Four of the five types have subgroups “A” & “B”.

7. Subgroups Subgroup "B“: Subgroup “A”: Means Protected;
all structural members have an additional fire rated coating or cover by means of sheetrock, spray on, or other approved method,
the additional fire rated coating or cover extends the fire resistance of the structural members by at least 1 hour.
Subgroup "B“:
Means Unprotected;
all structural members have no additional fire rated coating or cover,
exposed members are only fire resistant according to their natural ability, characteristics, and fire rating.

8. Type 1: Fire Resistive Construction
Structural members made of noncombustible / limited combustible materials.
Construction intended to confine fire and its byproducts to a given location.
Primary fire hazard is contents of structure.

9. Type 2: Noncombustible Construction
Lower degree of fire resistance than type I.
Fire resistance rating on all exterior and interior load bearing walls.
May have combustible features, as materials with no fire resistance rating may be used.
Generally have flat roofs with combustible felt, insulation and roofing tar.

10. Type 3: Ordinary Construction
Exterior walls & structural members of noncombustible / limited combustible materials.
Interior members (walls, beams, floors, roof) are made of wood.
Hazards: smoke and fire spread through concealed spaces.
Fire stops to limit spread.

11. buildings have been constructed in two distinct types;
Older – late 19th and early 20th century and,
Newer.
“Older” buildings;
tongue and grove floor boards,
solid lumber joists and rafters ( can be 3” x 10”),
columns could be added for additional support
room size limited by span of supporting element,
floor joists commonly have a “fire cut” on each end to keep floor joists from pushing the wall down,
1” to 1 ½” wooden planks commonly used in the roof assembly.

12. “Newer” buildings;
flooring may consist of plywood, oriented strand board (OSB),
laminated veneer lumber (LVL), and parallel strand lumber (PSL), supported by
lightweight wooden trusses, and wooden I- beams,
these supports are more likely to collapse sooner than larger solid lumber joists,
roof construction using lightweight materials.

13. Residential Type building
One & Two Family
Residential Type building

14. Multiple Residence type

15. Commercial and Residential type

16. Two story commercial Type building

17. Hazards Related Type Construction
Stability of masonry walls,
Stability of interior column, girder and beam system,
Void spaces,
Excessive fire loads, “dead” loads (HVAC, Solar Arrays)
Bow string truss roof,
Alterations can have an effect on the building,
The largest concealed space is the “Cockloft”, an open space for fire and smoke spread,
Braced Wall Spreaders- danger – wall can be out of alignment.

18. Solar Arrays and HVAC Units

19. Braces of unprotected steel or cable will fail at fire temperatures
A basic sign that a wall is in distress
Braced Walls
Braces of unprotected steel or cable will fail at fire temperatures

20. Arrows mark locations where star-shaped anchor plates were located on the west-side of the theater building that was adjacent to the fire building. The anchor plates appear to have been attached to the ends of the heavy timber roof trusses supporting the roof and also to some of the second-floor joists. NIOSH F

21. Photo shows star-shaped anchor plates located on the D-side wall in the area that collapsed. NIOSH F

22. TYPE-4-Heavy Timber Exterior / interior walls noncombustible material.
Interior structural members (beams, columns, arches, floors etc.) made of solid or laminated wood with no concealed spaces.
Found in old factories, warehouses, churches.

23. TYPE-4-Heavy Timber structural frame, columns, etc. – heavy timber
exterior bearing walls – 1 hour heavy timber
interior bearing walls – 2 hour rated
floor construction, beams and joists – heavy timber
roof construction, beams and joists – heavy timber
Characteristics;
heavy timber construction is one of the oldest types of buildings used in this country,
heavy timber buildings were originally designed and used as multi-story industrial or storage occupancies,
fire resistance is attained by placing limitations of minimum sizes on wood structural members and minimum thickness and composition of wood floors and roofs,

24. will have four bearing exterior walls,
construction includes columns not less than 8” thick in any dimension,
beams and girders not less than 6” x 10”,
roof framing is not less than 6” wide x 8” depth,
floors and roofs have thicker than normal construction consisting of varying layers of materials that build up to a deck of 3” thick to 4” wide,
arches and trusses not less than 8” thick in any dimension.
usage of approved fastenings and adhesives,
lumber may be sawn or laminated,
usually found in very old mills, factories, and warehouse, and in older churches,
exterior walls are noncombustible,
interior structures made of solid or laminated wood with no concealed spaces,
does not have plaster walls & ceilings covering interior framework,

25. Heavy Timber Frame building
wood has large dimensions, much heavier, more difficult to ignite, can withstand fire for longer time frames,
primary fire hazard - combustible contents of structural members,
does not fail early in a fire,
because of massive amount of combustible materials there will be serious heat given off and may pose exposure protection problems,
Heavy Timber Frame building

26. Heavy Timber columns, beams & girders

27. Masonry walls

28. Large open spaces, lack of hidden voids

29. Type V: Frame Construction
Exterior and interior structural members made of wood.
Fire Hazards: unlimited potential for fire extension, fire extension to nearby structures.
Typical residential home

32. “Silent Flooring”

33. Poor Construction Methods

34. Fire Effects on Common Construction Materials – Wood
May be used in load bearing and non-load bearing walls.
Reaction of wood to fire conditions is based on the size of the wood and its moisture content.
Water does not have a negative effect on wood’s structural strength.
Plywood, particle board, paneling may be highly combustible, produce toxic gases and rapidly deteriorate under fire conditions.

35. Fire Effects on Common Construction Materials - Masonry
Brick, concrete, and stonework.
Commonly used for firewalls to separate connected structures and prevent fire spread.
May be used as load bearing or veneer.
Minimally affected by fire & high temperatures.
Mortar joints between bricks, blocks may deteriorate. (mortar mix is weakest part of wall)
Rapid cooling of masonry by water may cause cracking or spalling.

37. Fire Effects on Common Construction Materials - Concrete
Concrete is a mixture of portland cement, sand, gravel and water.
Often used as a fire resistive protection for structural steel (reinforced concrete).
May crack or spall if heated, indication of damage & reduced strength.
Heating may cause bond between steel and concrete to fail.
Concrete tends to absorb and retain heat.

38. Fire Effects on Common Construction Materials - Steel
Primary use of steel is for structural members.
Steel is an excellent conductor of heat.
Steel loses strength as temperature increases
Steel structural members will elongate when heated.
Water can cool steel structural members and reduce risk of failure or collapse.

39. Fire Effects on Common Construction Materials - Plastic
Becoming integrated to replace/improve common building materials
Plastics are oil-based (hydrocarbons)
Two general types
Thermoplastics (melt, deform, vaporize = burns!)
Thermosets (decomposes, only burns with extreme temps)
General Rule of Thumb when fighting fires involving plastics…
Burn fast
Very intense heat
Dense black smoke
Extremely toxic
Can resemble a Class B Fire (flammable liquids)

40. Roof Types Three Main Types: (a) Flat (b) Pitched (c) Arched

41. Truss Roofs

42. Bowstring Truss roof!

43. Building Uses
Ontario Fire Code and Ontario Building Code separate buildings in groups A-F, as related to their major use (or major occupancy)
With each type of building comes various requirements/restrictions on building construction
Private dwelling residences are exempt (with some exceptions)

44. Building Uses A – Assembly B – Institutional (compelled to sleep over)
Theatres, libraries, schools, large bars, pubs and restaurants
B – Institutional (compelled to sleep over)
Jails, hospitals, orphanages, nursing homes
C – Residential
Apartment buildings (common area) , group homes, houses, motels
D – Business and Personal Services
Banks, barber shops, offices (medico legal), laundromat
E – Mercantile
Markets, stores, shops, supermarkets, restaurants, bars and pubs
F – Industrial
Flammable liquid plant, television studio, freight depot

45. The Different Parts Of Building, When It Is Being Constructed……..

46. Antilla Mukesh Ambani’s home mumbai
Freedom Tower
New York
Some World’s Top Class Building Structures
Burj Khalifa
Dubai
Antilla Mukesh Ambani’s home mumbai
Empire State Building
New York,USA
Lotus Temple
India
Gherkin
London,UK
Petronas Twin Towers