2. What is Fascism? Fascist rulers Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler Fascism: anti-democratic, anti-communist, use of violence to achieve objectives, one political party, extreme nationalism, a glorified ruler.

3. Benito Mussolini jspivey.wikispaces.com Mussolini (Il Duce) became dictator in Italy (1922- 1943). Mussolini’s “Blackshirts” marched on Rome in 1922. Intimidated, King Victor Emmanuel III asked Mussolini to form a government. By 1926, Mussolini had dictatorial powers.

4. MUSSOLINI SPEECH 1934 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O Ov-Ncs7vQk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O Ov-Ncs7vQk

5. Mussolini Speech http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=ciQ6MGU4GV8 Mussolini Speech http://www.youtube.com/watch ?v=ciQ6MGU4GV8

6. Adolf Hitler Adolf Hitler (Der Fuhrer) became dictator in Germany (1933-1945). Path to power: During the democratic Weimar Republic (1919- 1933), Germany experienced periods of serious instability in the early 1920s and after 1929 when a global economic depression occurred.

7. German hyperinflation in 1923 (500 times increase!) Hitler and the National Socialists (Nazis) exploited Germany’s problems to help them gain power. Racism and anti-Semitism were emphasized by the Nazis. In 1921, Hitler became chairman of the Nazi party.

8. German hyperinflation in 1923 (500 times increase!!!)

9. The German mark became worthless.

16. walt.foreignpollicy.oom In 1923, the Nazis attempted a putsch and Hitler was imprisoned briefly. In 1925, he published Mein Kampf (My Struggle).

17. Hitler and Nazis in 1926

18. By 1932, the Nazis were the majority party in the Reichstag. In 1933, Hitler was named chancellor of Germany by President Hindenburg. The Enabling Act was passed, which gave Hitler dictatorial powers.

20. mstartzman.pbworks.com Germany began to renege further on the Treaty of Versailles—it militarized.

23. Hitler speech with Josef Goebbels introduction, 1933 http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=CPrygWuEL wo http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=CPrygWuEL wo

24. Hitler speech with Hess’ intro. http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=eGhdX1SI3K Y http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=eGhdX1SI3K Y

25. Hitler speech mocking U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=zfFcNU4n4T A http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=zfFcNU4n4T A

26. Communist Russia (USSR) emersonkent.com Map of Russian Civil War Bolsheviks and anti- Bolshevik Russians (the Whites) fought a vicious civil war from 1918 to 1921. An estimated 10 million died.

28. Vladimir Lenin During Russia’s Civil War, Lenin implemented War Communism: nationalization of land, property, and industry; 200,000 dissidents were killed.

29. paradox.plaza.comrussianartandbooks.com In 1921, Lenin instituted the New Economic Policy (NEP). That is, he temporarily restored a market economy and some private enterprise.

30. Leon Trotsky Josef Stalin Following Lenin’s death in 1924, a power struggle emerged between Leon Trotsky and Josef Stalin. By 1928, Stalin prevailed and he became dictator (general secretary of the Communist Party).

33. Stalin replaced NEP with “Five Year Plans,” which was a massive industrial program. He also “collectivized” the agricultural system, which led to much starvation—in Ukraine, more than three million people starved to death.

34. Stalin’s purges The Great Purge (1934- 1938): Stalin feared a coup d’etat. He purged the Communist Party and the military of his suspected enemies. An estimated eight million were sent to gulags and three million were killed.

36. Stalin