1. 1 Building a message

2. 2 Parts of Speech Word Class

3. 3 RANK SCALE Text Sentence Clause Phrase Word Morpheme

4. 4 The Rank Scale SENTENCE (or clause complex) For a moment the place was lifeless, and then two men emerged from the path and came into the opening by the green pool. CLAUSE For a moment the place was lifeless ( and then) two men emerged from the path (and) came into the opening by the green pool.

5. 5 GROUP/PHRASE The place was for a moment Lifeless and then two men emerged from the path into the opening by the green pool

6. 6 WORD Place the lifelesspath MORPHEME Life –lessemerge - ed

7. 7 Building a message WORDS form PHRASES form CLAUSES to make A COMPLETE MESSAGE

8. 8 Parts of Speech1 Open Word Classes: lexical or full words: Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs

9. 9 Parts of Speech 2 Closed word classes: grammatical or empty words Determiners or articles Pronouns Prepositions Conjunctions

10. 10 Functional grammar and word class Numerals added as a category: one, two, three, etc. Pronouns (I, you, he, etc) subsumed within nouns (car, sheep, happiness, Paul)

11. 11 Nouns Common nouns table, dog, food Proper nouns Birmingham, Jane Abstract nouns beauty, democracy Pronounsshe, herself, who, whoever, what, which, this, that, these, those

12. 12 PHRASES noun phrasee.g: that strange feeling verb phrasee.g: is; would like adjective phrasee.g:much happier adverb phrasee.g:now; very often prepositional phrasee.g: of that strange feeling

13. 13 CLAUSES Independent: stands alone e.g: The shoppers fled Dependent: provides supportive information e.g: when the fire alarm rang.

14. 14 S, P(V), O, C, A In addition to grammatical categories, Functional categories: Subject Predicate (verb) Object Complement Adjunct

15. 15 Subject, Verb, Object, Complement, Adjunct ….a sentence consists of: a subject and a verb and perhaps other elements following the verb. If other elements are necessary to complete the structure of the sentence, they are called complements (including objects) and if they are optional extras, giving circumstantial detail, they are called adjuncts. Young, David J. (CB). Introducing English Grammar.London, UK: Routledge, 1984. p 71. available: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/aston/Doc?id=10060832&ppg=72 Copyright © 1984. Routledge. All rights reserved.

16. 16 The Subject Answers the question Who? or What?

17. 17 The Subject Answers the question Who? or What? S comes before (P)V in statements

18. 18 The Subject Answers the question Who? or What? S comes before (P)V in statements S(P)V The wall-eyed nurse came back S(P)V I tried

19. 19 The Subject S often affects the form of the verb: S (P)V Doctor Gordon was unlocking the closet S (P) V They were glad to let her

20. 20 The Object Answers the question Whom? or What?

21. 21 The Object Answers the question Whom? or What? O comes after S & (P)V

22. 22 The Object Answers the question Whom? or What? O comes after S & (P)V O refers to a different entity from S S (P)VO Doctor Gordon was unlocking the closet S (P)VO She unclasped my watch

23. 23 S, (P) V & O in Extract 3 1.The wall-eyed nurse came back. 2.She unclasped my watch 3.and dropped it in her pocket. 4.Then she started tweaking the hairpins from my hair. 5.Doctor Gordon was unlocking the closet. 6.He dragged out a table on wheels with a machine on it 7.and rolled it behind the head of the bed. 8.The nurse started swabbing my temples with a smelly grease.

24. 24 TASK: Identify S, V & O in Extract 3 1.The wall-eyed nurse came back. 2.She unclasped my watch 3.and * dropped it in her pocket. 4.Then she started tweaking the hairpins from my hair. 5.Doctor Gordon was unlocking the closet. 6.He dragged out a table on wheels with a machine on it 7.and * rolled it behind the head of the bed. 8.The nurse started swabbing my temples with a smelly grease.

25. 25 Transitive clauses Clauses with both S and O = TRANSITIVE Subject acting on or affecting Object Subject = ‘doer’ = Actor or Agent Object = ‘done-to’ = Affected

26. 26 TASK: Who does what to whom or what? Subjects: DoctorNurse‘I’ [= narrator] Objects:

27. 27 TASK: Who does what to whom or what? Subjects: DoctorNurse‘I’ [= narrator] Objects: the closet;my watch; a table on it [my watch]; wheels with a the hairpins; machine on it’my temples it [the table on …]

28. 28 The VERB (predicator) is the essential element in any clause Most clauses also require a SUBJECT Many clauses also have an OBJECT –transitive clauses –doer + action + done-to

29. 29 Active vs Passive voice Active: She unclasped my watch = S(P)VO She tweaked the hairpins [from my hair]=S(P)VO Passive: My watch was unclasped = S(P)V The hairpins were tweaked [from my hair]=S(P)V

30. 30 Another kind of clause element Not all verbs represent actions done to something S V? She was cool and fresh

31. 31 Another kind of clause element Not all verbs represent actions done to something S (P)V? She was cool and fresh Cannot make a passive version of the clause Cool and fresh was been - !!

32. 32 The Complement C is required by a small number of verbs: BE SEEM BECOME GET GROW FEEL LOOK

33. 33 The Complement C refers to the same entity as S Describes or evaluates S She was cool and fresh There were only a few patients He felt sick about saying goodbye like that The ‘equals sign test’ She = cool and fresh Cannot be made S of a passive version of the clause

34. 34 Intransitive clauses When C is obligatory, the clause is intransitive Some intransitive verbs can occur without either C or O: [they] prayed On the train … they quarrelled about her not being willing to come home at once Some verbs may be used either transitively or intransitively: Gray’s tackle broke Watson’s leg I thought my bones would break

35. 35 S, (P)V, O & C: 1.One very hot evening in Padua they carried him out on to the roof 2.and he could look out over the top of the town. 3.There were chimney swifts in the sky. 4.After a while it got dark 5.and the searchlights came out. 6.The others went down 7.and * took the bottles with them. 8.He and Luz could hear them below on the balcony. 9.Luz sat on the bed. 10. She was cool and fresh in the hot night.

36. 36 S, (P)V, O, C, A 1.One very hot evening in Padua they carried him out on to the roof 2.and he could look out over the top of the town. 3.There were chimney swifts in the sky. 4.After a while it got dark 5.and the searchlights came out. 6.The others went down 7.and * took the bottles with them. 8.He and Luz could hear them below on the balcony. 9.Luz sat on the bed. 10. She was cool and fresh in the hot night.