1. Human Population Pt 1

2. I. Factors That Drive Human Population Growth Demography: study of human populations and population trends Factors Changes in population size CBR-CDRCurrent Global 20-8/10 = 1.2 % 10 Fertility: Total Fertility Rate: total number of children a women has in her lifetime. Replacement Level fertility: Total fertility rate required to offset the total deaths in a population for the current population size to remain stable; number of children a couple must bear to replace themselves. Must include pre-reproductive mortality (2.1 in developed/2.5 in developing countries)

3. Life Expectancy: Reported for overall pop, males only and females only Infant and child mortality Aging and disease http://www.npr.org/2014/02/04/269551459/an-afghan-success-story-fewer- child-deaths http://www.npr.org/2014/02/04/269551459/an-afghan-success-story-fewer- child-deaths Age Structure: proportion of males/females in age categories. Pre-reproductive, reproductive, post-reproductive Population momentum: it takes time for actions that attempt to reduced births to catch up with a growing population Migration: movement of people into and out of a country

7. Only 5 countries have policies that actively encourage immigration-US, Israel, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia Most migrants seek economic improvement or escape from religious persecution or political oppression. More and more are environmental refugees Currently in US illegal immigration accounts for 44% of population growth-should we limit the rate at which immigrants are allowed to be able to deal with the enviro impact or keep this the land of opportunity for the poor and oppressed? http://www.prb.org/Journalists/Webcasts/2010/usimmigration. aspx

8. Between 1820-1960 most immigrants came from Europe. Since 1960 Latin America (53%), Asia (25%), and Europe. In 2009, legal Hispanic immigrants made up 15% of US pop; expected to be 30% by 2050

9. Effects of Declining Populations Aging of Japan Immigration Global Aging and Military Power AIDS

10. II. Demographic Transition Demographic transition refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to industrial.

11. Most developed countries are in stage 4 of the model; the majority of developing countries have reached stage 3. The major (relative) exceptions are some poor countries, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and some Middle Eastern countries, which are poor or affected by government policy or civil strife, notably Pakistan and Afghanistan.

12. III. Solutions: Reducing Population Growth Family Planning/National Policies Economic Rewards and Penalties Empowering Women Health Care Education Promote sustainable patterns of production and consumption

14. Cultural Carrying Capacity Garrett Hardin: How many people can the Earth support without overexploitation of resources and irreparable harm to the environment? Can we keep developing the new technologies and abilities to use new resources that enable increases in K? At what price will these developments come, relative to our quality of life?

15. IV. Population Size and Consumption: I=PAT http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/worldbalance/earth.htm l http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/worldbalance/earth.htm l http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/global-trends- quiz.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/earth/global-trends- quiz.html Water Land Fisheries Forests Climate Biodiversity

16. V. Population Distribution and Urban Growth A.Several trends important in understanding impact of Urban growth 2%-45% increase since 1850 Number of large cities mushrooming-Megalopolis Most urban growth in developing countries Poverty in urban areas increasing B. What are problems in urban areas? Water shortages Waste build up Air pollution Occupy 2% of land but consume 75% of resources C. Material World-What if we all lived like Americans

17. Smart Growth Urban planning and transportation theory that concentrates growth in compact walkable urban centers to avoid sprawl. Sustainable development goals include expand the range of transportation options employment and housing choices equitably distribute the costs and benefits of development preserve and enhance natural and cultural resources promote public health https://www.southernenvironment.org/cases-and-projects/smart- growth-in-the-southeast https://www.southernenvironment.org/cases-and-projects/smart- growth-in-the-southeast