1. Vowels: other considerations Diphthongs ATR Rhoticity Length

2. Diphthongs Two-vowel sequence [ai] [au] [oi] [ei] and [ou] [ij] and [uw]

3. Diphthongs Make up one syllable –“naïve” and “knife” –“employ” and “employee”

4. Diphthongs

5. ATR Advanced tongue root –Tongue root is more forward –Larynx is lowered  pharynx is enlarged

6. ATR ATR in Igbo (Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996) Examples from AkanAkan

7. Rhoticity

8. Rhoticized means “r-colored” –“bird” “park” “fur” “assert” Different articulations –Tongue tip raised (like retroflex) –Tongue tip lowered with tongue body bunched up

9. Rhoticity Six different English speakers showing the “bunched up” style (Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996)

10. Rhoticity

11. Length Arabic, Vietnamese, Hindi, German… Mixe

12. Vowel inventory Five- and seven-vowel systems are most common SpanishYiddishItalian

13. Vowel inventory Some languages have many more French (plus nasals) English (plus diphthongs)

14. Vowels and orthography No vowel indication –Semitic languages Auxiliary vowel indication –(the same) Semitic languages Inherent vowel indication –Indian languages Independent vowel indication –English

15. No or auxiliary vowel indication Vn thgh ths sntnc hs n vwls y cn stll ndrstnd wht t sys

16. Inherent vowel indication Each grapheme includes a vowel (usually schwa) Gujarati