1. ADDITIONAL GEOGRAPHY CHALLENGE QUESTIONS: 9. What were the benefits and disadvantages of India’s location and geography? 10. What info from this map do you think will be most important in our study of India?

2. Creation Hymn from Rig Veda Who really knows, and who can swear How creation came, when or where! Even gods came after creation’s day, Who really knows, who can truly say When and how did creation start? Did He do it? Or did He not? Only He, up there, knows, maybe; Or perhaps, not even HE

4. Hinduism and India

6. India is considered to be a sub-continent of Asia India is located in southern Asia, south of China and east of AfPak and north of the Indian Ocean

9. Ganges River "nectar of immortality" 1560 miles long Holiest river for Hindus Must bath in it’s water at least once in your life –Cleanse soul of sins Hindus keep water from river in their home “Mother Ganges” Varanasi and Haridwar are holiest cities on river Climate change can/will play a major role in the Ganges One of the most polluted rivers in the world

10. Hinduism Origins + Others: Oldest religion in world=pre-history –Pre-2000 BCE –No singular founder, evolved over time –Worship in temples, most often alone-temples dedicated to divine gods

11. Continued… –80 % of India today is Hindu=about 900 million Hindus worldwide today! –Very flexible religion, no rigid rules –Flowers, incense, lamps are popularly found in Hindu’s home or temple(s) Meditation and yoga are popular as well –Satguru is an enlightened master in Hinduism-kind of like a priest or imam –Hinduism stresses non-violence!

12. Brahman and Multiple Gods Hinduism is polytheistic, really HENOTHEISTIC or belief in a single god, Brahman above all other gods REINCARNATION!! Soul is called atman Four Vedas –Include hymns, stories, prayers

13. BRAHMA CREATOR OF UNIVERSE FOUR HEADS, FOUR ARMS=REPRESENTING THE FOUR VEDAS

14. VISHNU PRESEVER OF UNIVERSE ETERNAL BLUE SKIN AND SIX ARMS PEACEFUL, MERCIFUL, COMPASSIONATE

15. SHIVA DESTROYER! PURIFYING POWER LETTING GO OF EVERYTHING-THINK OF YOGA

16. IN HINDUISM, GODS APPEAR IN MANY FORMS…

18. GANESHA- removes obstacles, success, beginnings, arts, intellect, wisdom DEVI- feminine, energetic, balances masculine gods INDRA- weather and war RATRI- goddess of night

19. DHARMA, KARMA, SAMSARA: Dharma=law, obligations, duties in life Karma=position in life is determined by actions in previous life Samsara=cycle of birth, death, rebirth Goal is to escape cycle or “MOKSHA”

20. CASTE SYSTEM:

21. CASTE SYSTEM CONTINUED… Hierarchical in nature Restricted by caste: –Marriage –Food –Occupation –Dress

22. CASTE SYSTEM CONTINUED… Women treated unequally in system “Varna” is the term for each caste Once over 3,000 levels in system-some Indians viewed each caste as a different “species” of Indian