1. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

2. WHAT IS ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR? Four criteria help distinguish normal from abnormal behavior: Uncommon Violation of social norms * Personal distress Level of impairment

3. PREVALENCE OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIORS 26% of Americans over 18 have diagnosable psychological disorders within a given year; 46% lifetime prevalence Psychological disorders are leading cause of disability in U.S. and Canada for individuals between 15 and 44

4. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS Why do these occur? Biological theories – Relating to neurons and neurotransmitters Psychological theories – Related to upbringing and experiences Social or cultural theories – Related to societal pressures

5. GENERAL ANXIETY DISORDER Symptoms: - Psychological: Uncontrollable worry, panic, or fear - Physical: Fatigue, nausea, trembling, insomnia Affects 3.1% of U.S.

6. PANIC ATTACK Discrete period of intense fear or discomfort, which usually peaks within 10 minutes. And… 4 of the following: Racing HeartSweating TremblingShortness of breath Choking Chest discomfort NauseaDizziness/lightheadedness

7. OCD Obsessions Or compulsions that cause marked distress or impairment in functioning. Affects 2.3% of population Symptoms: Compulsive behavior, repetition, agitation

8. OCD Obsessions: persistent, intrusive thoughts, images and impulses. Product of own mind (e.g., not hallucinations) Difficulty ignoring or suppressing obsessions Compulsions: Repetitive behaviors or mental acts (to reduce distress and anxiety…attempt to prevent fear from occurring in an unrealistic way).

9. DEPRESSION Affects 9.5% of the population per year Most experience some depression clinical depression is related to length of time symptoms exist Symptoms: Behavioral and mood changes, Insomnia, Weight loss, social isolation

10. DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS Depression is leading cause of disability in U.S. and worldwide 17% acute episode in lifetime; 6% chronic Average age of onset is 32 15 to 24 years at highest risk for major depressive episode

11. BIPOLAR DISORDER Bipolar disorder is more than just mood swings Affects 2.6% of population Symptoms: Rapid and sudden shift in mood between two states (poles) Involves depression and mania Mania is a state of high energy, impulsiveness, and euphoria

12. SCHIZOPHRENIA From Greek…“split mind” Affects approximately 1-2% of population in lifetime Strong biological component

13. SCHIZOPHRENIA 2 or more of these criteria: Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized speech Grossly disorganized, or catatonic behavior

14. PERSONALITY DISORDER Psychopathy, sociopathy, antisocial personality disorder Estimated as high as 9% of the population Symptoms vary, but can be: -Lack of sympathy, empathy, understanding or acceptance of social norms

15. PTSD Exposure to traumatic event “actual or threatened death, serious injury, or physical integrity” Response involved intense fear, helplessness Re-experience event: images, dreams, reliving, or intense distress from triggers of event Persistent avoidance of anything related to the experiment