1. Conflict Project By Fergus Evans Comparing conflict in 6 of the 7 continents in the world.

2. Europe The conflict in Europe that I am focusing on is the ISIS attack on Paris, France.

3. What happened? The attack happened in Paris on the night of Friday 13 November by gunmen and suicide bombers who hit a concert hall, a major stadium, restaurants and bars. They left 130 people dead and hundreds wounded.

4. The causes There is no specific answer to ‘Why did it happen?’ but many theories have been made such as: 1. This is what global jihadists do—they can’t help themselves. 2. This was always the plan, but ISIS didn’t have the capability or opportunity to carry it out before. 3. The Islamic State wants to offset its territorial loses in Syria and Iraq by carrying out high-profile attacks abroad. 4. It wants to show up al-Qaeda to cement its position as leader of the global jihad. 5. It wants to deter powerful nations from carrying out more attacks against it. 6. Quite the opposite: It actually wants its enemies to go all in in Syria and Iraq in order to a) drain their resources, b) create total chaos, c) present itself as defender of the Muslims. They may have also bombed Paris because it is a globally recognised city with thousands of people visiting it every year. Therefore ISIS would have known if they bombed it they would have made an international statement. In addition to this France were bombing Syria and therefore this would have stirred up ISIS’ anger resulting in the retaliation of the attacks. Consequently this could mean that France were picked over other countries to be bombed.

5. Where ?

6. Stade de France At the time of the attacks, the Stade de France (the French national football stadium) was packed to the brim with vast amounts of French and German supporters, as there was a match between the two countries at the time. The bombing could be heard from inside the stadium terrifying those present. However, many more would have died if a security guard hadn’t turned away a bomber on precaution of him carrying explosives. The image below shows a plethora of spectators clamouring on the pitch after the match, petrified to leave the stadium as terrorists might have been outside.

7. Impacts After the catastrophic event families were torn apart, victims were scarred mentally as well as physically and many friends were lost. On social media the phrase ‘#prayforparis’ became very prominent. Also, four days after the event England played France at Wembley where both teams stood united in a minute silence for the Paris victims. They also sang the French national anthem in tribute of those who lost their lives.

8. South Americ a The next conflict happened in South America just off the coast of Argentina in the Falkland islands. This conflict was called the Falklands war and was fought between Argentina and Britain about who should have control over the islands.

9. Falklands War The war, that took just over ten weeks, was started when on the 2 nd of April 1982 Argentina invaded and occupied the islands. On the 5 th of April the British organised an amphibious attack with both naval and air forces deployed in an attempt to destroy the Argentine’s chances of occupying the islands. After the 74 day long blood bath, Argentina finally surrendered on the 14 th of June. Consequently control of the islands was regained by Britain. In total, 649 Argentine soldiers, 255 British soldiers and three Falkland Islanders died during the conflict.

10. The causes In March 1982, Argentine scrap metal dealers landed on British sovereign territory, the island of St. Georgia, and raised the Argentine flag. This action would have thoroughly annoyed the British as it was breaking international laws. On April 2 nd 1982, a large Argentine military force landed on the Falkland Islands occupying them. This led to a British military response. Therefore war had started as Britain desperately wanted to keep the islands.

11. Impact 3 islanders killed. 255 British soldiers killed. 649 Argentine soldiers killed. Neutral Political status between Argentina and Britain was not restored until 1989 and even then there were still in constant disagreements and arguments. The islanders were completely British citizens after Britain won. The economy benefited from British investment which helped with the development of fisheries. For the UK, the war cost 255 men, six ships (ten others suffered varying degrees of battle damage), 34 aircraft and £2.778 billion. The Argentine loss of the war led to ever-larger protests against the military regime. Tinned corned beef suppliers were switched to Brazil.

12. Asia The conflict I am analysing in Asia is the war in Afghanistan where the USA invaded Afghanistan. Its public aims were to dismantle al-Qaeda and to deny it a safe base of operations in Afghanistan by removing the Taliban from power.

13. What happened ? A group called the Taliban had control over most of the country since 1996. They were overthrown in November 2001 by British and American armed forces combined with Afghan fighters from a group called the Northern Alliance. These fighters wanted to over throw the Taliban as they knew it could be dangerous and commit vile acts of terror. During the time that the Taliban controlled Afghanistan, they allowed al-Qaeda to have training camps there. In September 2001, nearly 3,000 people were killed in the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The United States believed that Osama Bin Laden, the head of al-Qaeda, was the man behind these attacks. Therefore there was a lot of international pressure on the Afghan leaders to hand over Osama Bin Laden. However, the Taliban didn't do this so the United States decided they would use their armed forces in order to stop events like 9/11 taking place. In October 2001, the USA started bombing Afghanistan. They targeted Bin Laden's fighters as well as the Taliban. In November 2001, the Northern Alliance took control of the Afghan capital Kabul. They were being helped by the US and other countries that agreed with it, including the UK. The Taliban were quickly driven out of the capital city of Kabul, but even today Afghanistan remains a dangerous place. It was in 2011, ten years after the war began that Osama bin Laden was eventually found by American soldiers in Pakistan, where he was shot and killed.

14. The cause The reason there was a war was because the Taliban allowed al-Qaeda to have training camps in Afghanistan, posing a threat to the Afghan citizens and the world as thought by the USA. In addition to this Al-Qaeda were thought to be behind the 9/11 terrorist attacks and therefore in attempt to prevent any further attacks the USA asked the Taliban to give the Al-Qaeda leader over. However, when Osama Bin Laden, the leader, wasn’t handed over the USA thought it was right to start bombing. In October 2001 the USA started bombing Afghanistan in order to kill and destroy Bin Laden and Al-Qaeda. The war in Afghanistan had started.

15. Impact About 92,000 people have been killed in the Afghanistan war since 2001. More than 26,000 of those killed have been civilians. Nearly 100,000 people have been injured since 2001. Elevated rates of disease due to lack of clean drinking water. Malnutrition Reduced access to health care. Many Afghans dealing with ill health and war wounds find it difficult to get to hospitals and clinics because violence makes roads unsafe. Poverty

16. Africa The conflict I am looking at in Africa took place in the country of Uganda and was called the Ugandan Bush War. It was a civil war with the Uganda National Liberation Army fighting against the National Resistance Army. The war was fought from the 6 th February 1981 to the 25 th January 1986.

17. The Ugandan Bush War The Ugandan Bush War refers to the guerrilla war waged between 1981 and 1986 in Uganda by the National Resistance Army under the leadership of Yoweri Museveni against the government of Milton Obote, and later that of Tito Okello.

18. The cause In February 1981, shortly after the new Obote government took office, with Paulo Muwanga as vice president and minister of defense, a former Military Commission member, Yoweri Museveni, and his armed supporters declared themselves the National Resistance Army (NRA). Museveni vowed to overthrow Obote by means of a popular rebellion, and what became known as "the war in the bush" began. Several other underground groups also emerged to attempt to sabotage the new regime, but they were eventually crushed. Museveni, who had guerrilla war experience with the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (Frente de Libertaçâo...de Moçambique--Frelimo), campaigned in rural areas hostile to Obote's government, especially central and western Buganda and the western regions of Ankole and Bunyoro....In early 1983, to eliminate rural support for Museveni's guerrillas the area of Luwero District, north of Kampala, was targeted for a massive population removal affecting almost 750,000 people.

19. Where?

20. Oceania The conflict I am analysing in Oceania takes place in Australia and is called the attack on Sydney Harbour. It took place in late May and early June 1942, during World War II and was where submarines belonging to the Japanese Navy made a series of attacks on the cities of Sydney and Newcastle in New South Wales, Australia.

21. The attack on Sydney Harbour In May and June 1942 the war was brought to the Australians when the Japanese attacked Sydney Harbour from the sea. In the late afternoon of 31 May 1942 three Japanese submarines, I-22, I-24 and I-27, located about seven miles out from Sydney Harbour, each launched a Type A midget submarine at Sydney Harbour. The night before, I- 24 had launched a small floatplane that went over the harbour, its crew spotted an American heavy cruiser, the USS Chicago. Therefore the Japanese wanted to sink this warship and hoped there were more like it in the harbour.

22. Why? The attack happened because the Japanese wanted to be known globally as a threat boosting their chances of winning the war. Whilst not personal the attacks were a Japanese tactic to try and boost their chances of winning World War 2. However, it didn’t work very well and they did not succeed at their plans of winning the war.

23. This image shows a Japanese midget submarine being retrieved from the attack of Sydney Harbour in 1942. It is similar to the one that attacked HMAS Kuttabul. The attack on Sydney Harbour

24. North America The conflict I am looking at in North America is the attack on Pearl Harbour. This event happened during World War 2, where the harbour in the USA was bombed by the Japanese. The attack provoked the USA to join the war effort therefore was very significant.

25. What happened? It was a surprise military attack from Japan to catch the USA off guard. The reason they attacked Pearl Harbour was because it was the United States’ naval base, a key strategic location. Consequently the Japanese attacked it on the morning of December 7 th 1941. Japan organised the attack as a preventive action to keep the U.S. Pacific Fleet from stopping the military actions that Japan had planned in Southeast Asia. The seven hours that followed saw coordinated attacks on areas where the allies were based. The attack began at 07:48, Hawaiian time, with the base being attacked by 353 Japanese fighter planes, bombers and torpedo planes taking off from 6 aircraft carriers. All 8 of the U.S. Navy Battleships were damaged and 4 were sunk therefore the USA were really caught by surprise as a result of the attack.

26. The Cause There was no particular reason why this event happened. I believe it was just to continue building their empire being another way to help them win the war. The USA was also a big country so if they were defeated by Japan then Japan would have global recognition. More countries might have joined their side as a result of this and they would have had a better chance of winning the war. However, their attempts were not successful.

27. Impact One of the huge impacts is that the USA declared war and therefore a huge nation and thoroughly strong force was now with the allies vastly strengthening their position and boosting everyone's morale. Engaging the USA proved a major mistake, ultimately resulting in the use of atomic bombs, dropped on the Japanese cities of Nagasaki and Hiroshima. One of the final acts in WW2. Led to the short Battle of Ni’ihau. More than 2400 Americans were killed. More than 100 planes damaged. 8 Battleships were damaged and 4 sunk.

28. Similarities There are lots of similarities and differences between the conflicts mentioned in the previous slides. For example the conflict in North America (Pearl Harbour) and in Oceania (Sydney harbour attacks) are very similar as they are both part of World War 2. In addition to this they are both on the receiving end of Japanese surprise attacks which was one of their tactics to try and help them win World War 2. Furthermore the cause slide on both these conflicts are very similar with both mentioning that it was not a personal attack but just an attack to increase the Japanese chances of winning the war. Another similar sort of conflict was the European conflict (Paris Attacks) and the Asian conflict (War in Afghanistan) because they are both involved with some sort of terrorist act. For example the war in Afghanistan is between the USA and her allies and the Taliban that were refusing to give over the terrorist group behind 9/11 leader (Osama Bin Laden). The terrorist group he was in charge of was Al-Qaeda which links to the Paris Attacks which were attacks organised by a similar terrorist group known as ISIS. Therefore these two conflict have a very strong link together.

29. Differences There are vast amounts of differences between the conflicts mentioned in the previous slides. An example of this is the Paris Attacks and the African conflict (The Ugandan Bush War) which are very different because the Paris Attacks were performed by ISIS a terrorist group who just wanted to be known globally and to retaliate to France bombing Syria. On the other hand the Ugandan Bush War was a civil war with some of the citizens trying to fight against the government and overthrow their leader. Therefore they both had completely different objectives and hardly anything in common with one another. In addition, the South American conflict (the Falklands war) was also thoroughly different to the attack Paris Attacks because, as mentioned in the pervious paragraph, the Paris Attacks were a terrorist act by ISIS who wanted to get their point across and reign over the world. However, the Falklands War was a conflict fought over who should have control over a certain piece of land. Therefore both conflicts had completely different objectives and were consequently very different.

30. Thank you for watching my presentation on comparing conflicts.