1. APES Warm-up 1. How could being a vegetarian lesson your ecological impact? 2. Hypothesize why researching frogs might be valuable

2. Open system- exchanges of matter or energy occur across system boundaries. Closed system- matter and energy exchanges across system boundaries do not occur.

3. Energy FLOWS and Matter CYCLES

4. CARBON

5. FUN, FAST FACTS ATOMIC NUMBER: 6 ATOMIC MASS: 12.01 ATOMIC SYMBOL: C CLASSIFICATION: NON-METALLIC COLOR: BLACK, COLORLESS

6. ATOMIC STRUCTURE

7. HISTORY OF CARBON THIS ELEMENT OF PREHISTORIC DISCOVERY IS FOUND THROUGHOUT NATURE FOUND IN STARS, SUN, COMETS, ATOMSPHERES THE ENERGY OF THE SUN AND THE STARS CAN BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE CARBON CYCLE

8. 3 TYPES OF CARBON CARBON CAN BE FOUND IN THREE DIFFERENT FORMS: – GRAPHITE – DIAMONDS – FULLERENE (aka BUCKYBALLS)

9. CARBON AS GRAPHITE

10. GREAT GRAPHITE LAYERED ATOMIC STRUCTURE- THERFORE PRODUCES A WEAK FORCE, AND IS EXTREMELY BREAKABLE SOFT, SLIPPERY MOST COMMONLY USED AS PENCIL LEAD

11. CARBON DIAMONDS

12. DIAMOND DATA DIAMONDS HAVE AN ATOMIC SHAPE THAT ENSURES A TIGHT BOND EACH CARBON ATOM IS THE SAME DISTANCE FROM ANOTHER ATOM DIAMONDS ARE USED FOR CUTTING HARD OBJECTS AND FOR DECORATION (JEWELERY)

13. FULLERENE -ALSO KNOWN AS THE ‘BUCKYBALL” -RECENTLY DISCOVERED -CONSISTS OF 60 CARBON ATOMS -C 60 -STILL BEING RESEARCHED

14. “BUCKYBALL” THIS COMPLEX MOLECULE CAN BE ALTERED WITH A SINGLE ATOM TO CHANGE ITS PROPERTIES NAMED AFTER ROBERT BUCKMINISTER FULLER THIS MOLECULE HAS BEEN MAKING HEADLINES IN NANOTECHNOLOGY AND HOW THE DRUG INDUSTRY HAS INTEREST IN IT

15. COSTS OF CARBON - AS OF 1990, CARBON-13 WAS COMMERICIALLY AVAILABLE AT A COST OF ABOUT $700/GRAM.

16. CARBON CYCLE

17. CARBON IN THE LITHOSPHERE PLANTS ABSORB CARBON DIOXIDE FROM ATMOSPHERE, AND USE IT TO MAKE SUBSTANCES NEEDED FOR GROWTH PHOTOSYNTHESIS INCORPORATES CARBON ATOMS FROM C02 TO SUGARS

18. LITHOSPHERE CONT. ANIMALS (RABBIT) EAT PLANTS AND USE CARBON TO BUILD TISSUES OTHER ANIMALS (FOX) EAT RABBIT AND USE CARBON FOR OWN NEEDS ANIMALS RETURN C02 INTO AIR WHEN THEY BREATHE, AND WHEN THEY DIE (BECAUSE CARBON IS RETURED TO SOIL DURING DECOMPOSITION)

19. CARBON IN THE HYDROSPHERE C02 ABSORBED INTO BODIES OF H20 SOME OF DISSOLVED C02 REMAINS IN WATER WHILE SOME IS USED BY ALGAE AND PHYTOPLANKTON THROUGH PHOTOSYNTHESIS MOLLUSCS (MUSSELS, CLAMS AND OYSTERS) MAKE SHELLS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE FROM C02

20. HYDROSPHERE CONTINUED ONCE MUSSLES DIE, SHELLS FALL TO BOTTOM WITH HARD CALCIUM CARBONATE AND BECOMES COMPRESSED, CEMENTED TOGETHER, AND EVENTUALLY FOSSILISED INTO ROCKS LIKE CHALK, LIMESTONE, AND MARBLE

21. CARBON IN THE ATMOSPHERE COMBUSTION OCCURS WHEN ORGANIC MATERIAL IS REACTED (BURNED) IN PRESENCE OF OXYGEN TO GIVE OFF C02 - DURING CONBUSTION, OXYGEN IS USED AND CABON DIOXIDE IS PRODUCED PLUS WATER

22. SMOKESTACK ORGANIC MATERIAL CAN BE ANY FOSSIL FUEL SUCH AS NATURAL GAS, (METHANE) OIL, OR COAL

23. PHOTOSYNTHESIS CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER (h20) -> CARBOHYDRATE + OXYGEN

24. PHOTOSYNTHESIS

25. RESPIRATION CARBOHYDRATE + OXYGEN-> CARBON DIOXIDE + OXYGEN

26. CALCIUM CARBONATE CALCIUM CARBONATE-> CALCIUM OXIDE + CARBON DIOXIDE

27. OIL AND COAL WHEN TREES DIE, THEY FALL INTO SWAMPY MUD, WITH A LACK OF OXYGEN. THEREFORE, NORMAL DECOMPOSITION CANNOT OCCUR

28. OIL AND COAL II TREES BECOME FOSSILISED (COAL IS THEN FORMED) OIL FORMS FROM TINY DEAD PLANTS TRAPPED AT THE BOTTOM OF THE OCEAN OR MURKY WATER

29. RELATE COAL TO CARBON THE PROCESS IN WHICH OIL AND COAL ARE MADE, IS RELATIVE TO THE CARBON CYCLE BECAUSE ALL LIVING ORGANISMS AND THE PROCESSES ARE MADE UP OF CARBON

30. RECAP OF CYCLES HYDROSPHERE, LITHOSPHERE, AND ATMOSPHERE AGAIN!

31. CARBON CYCLE, AS EASY AS 1, 2, 3…

32. COMPLEX CARBON CYCLE

33. WHERE THE CYCLE BEGINS… THE ATMOSPHERE CONTAINS CARBON DIOXIDE THROUGH THE PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, PLANTS TAKE IN CARBON, CONTINUING THE CYCLE IN THE LITHOSPHERE WHEN PHOTOSYNTHESIS EXCEEDS RESPIRATION, ORGANIC MATTER BUILDS UP TO FORM COAL AND OIL DEPOSITS

34. “The major exchange of carbon between the atmosphere and the lithosphere results from photosynthesis and respiration”

35. CARBON AND RESPIRATION RESPIRATION IS PART OF THE PROCESS OF THE CARBON CYCLE IN THE LITHOSPHERE ONCE ANIMALS BREAK DOWN CARBOHYDRATES IN PLANT TISSUES, THEY RELEASE IT TO THE ATMOSPHERE (THE CYCLE THEN CONINUES BACK TO THE LITHOSPHERE OR GOES TO THE HYDROSPHERE)

36. CARBON AND RESPIRATION CONTINUED WHEN ANIMALS RELEASE CARBON DIOXIDE TO THE ATMOSPHERE, THEY DECOMPOSE, DECAY, AND FROM POOLS OF ENERGY CALLED FOSSIL FULES (INCLUDING COAL, OIL, AND NATURAL GASES)

37. CARBON IN THE HYDROSPHERE CARBON IS ABSORBED IN THE WATER BY PHYTOPLANKTON TO MAKE SHELL OF CALCIUM CARBONATE AND BECOME SEDIMENTS ONCE THEY DIE

38. CARBON IN HYDROSPHERE CONT. CARBON DIOXIDE EXCHANGE IS CONTROLLED BY THE SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE, CIRCULATING CURRENTS, AND THE BIOLOGICAL PROCESS OF PHYTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION

39. MORE CARBON IN HYDROSPHERE CARBON DIOXIDE CAN DISSOVLE EASILY AND THE AMOUNT THAT THE OCEAN CAN HOLD DEPENDS ON THE OCEAN TEMPERATURE AND HOW MUCH CARBON IS ALREADY IN THE OCEAN WHEN THE OCEAN IN COLD, MORE CARBON IS ARBORBED, AND WHEN THE TEMP. IS WARM, CO2 IS RELEASED TO THE SURFACE

40. THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT CARBON DIOXIDE CONTRIBUTES

41. THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT KEEPS ALL EARHT’S HEAT FROM ESCAPING TO THE OUTER ATMOPSHERE CARBON RESPONSIBLE FOR GREENHOUSE GASES AND 55% OF THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT CARBON DIOXIDE IS TRANSPARENT TO LIGHT BUT OPAQUE TO HEAT RAYS, THEREFORE THE ATMOSPHERE RETARDS THE RAIATION OF HEAT FROM THE EARTH BACK INTO SPACE

42. GREENHOUSE EFFECT

43. BIBLIOGRAPHY PICTURE RESOURCES: – www.pmel.noaa.gov/ co2/gif/globcar.png – www.safeclimate.net/.../carboncycle.php – geosun1.sjsu.edu/ ~dreed/105/exped7/4.html – www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/ carbon/efcarbon.html – www.webelements.com/.../ text/C/xtal.html – www.netl.doe.gov/.../ carbon-flux-diagram – www.mkdandj.com/ loosediamonds/

44. CONTINUED 13 September 2004. http://library.thinkquest.org/11226/why.htm. http://library.thinkquest.org/11226/why.htm 13 September 2004. www.co2science.org/ 13 September 2004. http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/library/carboncycle http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/library/carboncycle 13 September 2004. www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/306carbon.html 17 September 2004. www.nyu.edu/pages/mathmol/modules/carbon/carbon1. html 17 September 2004. pearl1.lanl.gov/periodic/elements/6.html

45. EVEN MORE!!!!!!! 17 September 2004. www.environment.allinfoabout.com/carbon.html www.environment.allinfoabout.com/carbon.html 19 September 2004. www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/climate/gccarbon1.ht ml www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/climate/gccarbon1.ht ml