1. Industrial Revolution

2. How people lived… Still like the Middle Ages Landowners Farmers Families small High infant mortality rate 1 in 3 die 1 st year of life Children 1 in 2 lived to be 21 years old Life expectance 40 years old

3. Economic Foundation Wool Coal Farming Guilds (Crafts people) Villages Limited transportation Self sufficient

4. Village Life Most people never went beyond their village Domestic system Worked from home Family all part of system Common Land Private and public lands not fenced off Animals grazed

5. Town Life Only 25% lived in town In 1750 London was the largest city in Europe with an est. 700,000 pop.

6. Changes Agriculture to Manufacturing Enclosure movement – parliament supports landowners fencing off private and common lands. Displaces small farmer who need common land Forced to find another way of life

7. Textile Industry Capital- Labor, machines, raw materials, money  Labor-farmers w/o farms  Quick Clip: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=toV9uID IJMs Start at 3:30

8. Supply  Transportation  Rivers, Sea ports (harbors)  Think about England. Why would an industrial rev. do well here?  Raw materials – wool, iron, coal, natural resources

9. Production  Machines-Innovation and Inventions  Flying shuttle  Spinning jenny  Power loom  Cotton gin  Steamboats  Rail roads  Steam engine  Innovation-improvement  Invention –new

10. Land Changes Reallocation of land use Crop rotation systems- rotate crops to not exhaust the soil for better returns Seed drill- invented by Jethro Tull

11. The Emergence of Mass Society in the Western World Modernity 19

12. The Industrial Regions of Europe at the End of the Nineteenth Century

13. The Growth of Industrial Prosperity New Products and New Patterns Substitution of steel for iron Electricity Radio Waves Telephone Department Stores-mass consumerism Street cars (electric) Cars Airplanes Germany replaces Britain as industrial leader Europe’s two economic zones

14. Worker Prosperity Wage increases Lower product costs Consumerism Sewing machines Clocks **Bicycles Typewriters

15. Still Falling behind Southern Europe (Italy) Austria-Hungary Spain Portugal Balkan Kingdoms Russia All are agricultural and only traded raw materials did not produce goods

16. Organizing the Working Class Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820- 1895), The Communist Manifesto History is that of class struggles Overthrow the bourgeoisie Eventually there would be a classless society German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 1875 In the Reichstag worked to pass legislation to improve the conditions of the worker 4 million votes in 1912 elections in Germany Trade Unions Right to strike in Britain gained in 1870s 4 million members by 1914 in Britain B3

17. ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Population Growth in Europe, 1820-1900

18. The Emergence of Mass Society New Urban Environment Growth of cities: by 1914, 80%of the population in Britain lived in cities (40 percent in 1800); 45 percent in France (25 percent in 1800); 60 percent in Germany (25 percent in 1800); 30 percent in eastern Europe (10 percent in 1800) Migration from rural to urban

19. Improving living conditions Boards of health set up Clean water into the city Expulsion of sewage Housing needs British Housing Act, 1890, allowed town councils to construct cheap housing for workers Octavia Hill -poor need guidance not charity (teaching a man to fish vs. giving a man a fish)

20. The Social Structure of Mass Society New idea: Less on privilege/birth and more on MONEY The Elite 5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to 40 percent of wealth The Middle Classes Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower middle-class Professionals White-collar workers Change of values in the Victorian period The Lower classes 80 percent of the European population Skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled workers *Work day is only 10 hours long now!!

21. The Experiences of Women Marriage and the Family Difficulty for single women to earn a living-was not proper to Most women married Birth control Female control of family size Middle-class family Men provided income and women focused on household and child care Fostered the idea of togetherness –Victorian ideas –Christmas Working-class families Daughters work until married 1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live on the husband’s wages New consumer products (Sewing machines, bikes) Compulsory Education Laws- took children out of the factories

22. Movement for Women’s Rights Fight to own property Access to higher education Access to jobs dominated by men: teaching, nursing Florence Nightengale and Clara Barton- Nurses Demand for equal political rights Most vocal was the British movement Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928), Women’s Social and Political Union, 1903 (RADICAL) Suffragettes

23. Education in an Age of Mass Society In early 19th century reserved for elites or the wealthier middle class Between 1870 and 1914 most Western governments began to offer at least primary education to both boys and girls between 6 and 12 Reasons: Needs of industrialization Need for an educated electorate-voters To instill patriotism Compulsory elementary education created a demand for teachers, most were women “Natural role” of women

24. Leisure in an Age of Mass Society Transportation systems meant: Working class could go to amusement parks, dance halls, beaches, and team sporting activities English Football Association 1863 American Bowling Congress 1895

25. Ferris Wheel

26. Soccer