1. Into the Depths of the Sea Bria Gipson Devin Clarke Shivani Bhakta Jeremiah Moody

2. Physical characteristics of the deep sea Also known as the twilight or disphotic zone Anywhere from 150-450 meters below the surface Very little sunlight High pressure Cold temperature Oxygen Scarce food

3. Light Photophores- long rows of light- producing organs; aid in species recognition. They use bioluminescence for protection and finding mates. Their eyes rely on the light and the organism itself.

4. Pressure 1atm for each 10 meters. Developed bodies with no excess cavities, such as swim bladders, that would collapse under intense pressure. The flesh and bones of deep sea marine creatures are soft and flabby.

5. Temperature Uniform and constant With the exception of hypothermal vents. The temperature remains 2-4 degrees Celsius. Black smokers: super heated water emitted from ocean bottom; rich in sulfides.

7. Oxygen Oxygen is transported to the deep sea from the surface where it sinks to the bottom when surface temperatures decrease. Most of the water comes from Arctic regions. The deep sea is not the most oxygen-poor zone in the ocean.

8. Food Decaying organisms sink Food is very scarce for benthic organisms; occasionally food will arrive in the form of a carcass such as a whale. There are no photosynthetic organisms to produce.

9. Life in the Dark Deep Sea organisms have different effects of color Bioluminescence Sight Mating Food

10. Colors in the Deep Sea Countershading- have dark dorsal surfaces and lighter ventral surfaces Most eels are black or brown Some deep sea fish are iridescent Whale fish bright orange and red fins and jaws

11. Roles of Bioluminescence Occurs when a protein called luciferin is combined with oxygen in the presence of an enzyme called luciferase and ATP Camouflage Important in mating Attacking prey Defense

12. How do they see in the dark? They eyes of many deep-sea fishes are tubular and contain two retinas instead of one. One retina is used to view distant objects, while the other sees closer things. Better depth perception Also known as the twilight zone because of the darkness.

13. Finding mates in the dark Anglerfish- –Have external fertilization –Some mate for life The male bites and latches onto the female and stays there for the rest of their life. –Some become a lifelong parasite Males latch onto the female and fuses with the females body.

14. Sharp teeth, large mouths, and large stomachs are characteristics that help deep-sea fish survive in a habitat with limited food. The lack of light has had the most impact in shaping the organisms of the deep sea. Many of the deep- sea animals exhibit bioluminescence, which helps them find mates and prey in their dark environment. Organisms living in the deep sea

15. Fangtooth, AKA the ogrefish, lives in depths of about 16,000 feet. The Shining Tubeshoulder can be up to 13 inches long. It has photophores along it’s belly and a glowing tube on each shoulder. Pacific Black Dragon, males and females are very different from each other. Predatory Tunicate- anchored along sea canyon walls and seafloor.

16. Deep Sea organisms metabolize more slowly and reproduce later in life. These organisms have to be well adapted to cold temperatures, very high pressure, and little sunlight. Some examples of deep sea fish are lantern fish, hatchet fish, viperfish, octopus, squid, and mid-water jellyfish. Most only reproduce once in their lifetime.

17. Problems and concerns in the deep sea Ocean mining Garbage pollution Dumping of toxic chemicals Oil pollution

19. Deep sea protection So far we don’t have many laws that prohibit things or protect our deep sea from harm and constant distinction, but some ways we can help better our environment or some actions we can take are; 1.Stop the constant distribution of trash and garbage on the bottom of our ocean 2.Stop the activity of bottom trawling or fishing nets on the bottom. 3.Stop the use of pollutions and other chemicals which is causing Dramatic Climate changes. 4.A company known as Greenpeace is also taking great precautions and trying to make our deep sea better.