MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER OUTLINE Organ System Terminology (cont.) Terminology Nervous Skeletal Female Reproductive Male Reproductive Respiratory Urinary Senses (Hearing, Sight) Drug Classifications Medical Abbreviations Review Terminology Prefixes Suffixes Organ System Terminology Cardiovascular Endocrine Gastrointestinal Integumentary Lymph and Blood Muscular

ELEMENTS OF A MEDICAL SCIENCE WORD ‘BASIC’ Medical science terminology is made up of combinations of root words prefixes suffixes combining vowels e.g. periodontic = peri (prefix, meaning “around”) + o (combining vowel) + dont (root word, meaning “teeth”) + ic (suffix, meaning “pertaining to”) Root words originate from either Greek or Latin. Greek – diagnosis and surgery Latin – anatomy

ROOT WORDS - EXAMPLES card heart cyst bladder gastr stomach hemat blood hepat liver my muscle pector chest neur nerve pneumon lung ocul eye derma skin ven vein mast breast oste bone nephr kidney ot ear

PREFIXES Added before a word root or suffix to alter its meaning hyper = excessive hyper/tension = high blood pressure an = without an/orexia = without appetite post = after post/partum = after child birth dys = painful, difficult dys/phas/ia = difficulty in speaking

SUFFIXES Added to the end of a word root or combining vowel to modify its meaning -al = pertaining to dent/al = pertaining to teeth -itis = inflammation gastr/itis = inflammation of the stomach -oma = tumor melan/oma = black tumor

COMBINING VOWELS Sometimes a CV is added to make the pronunciation of medical words easier. Sometimes a CV is added to connect different word parts together. “O” is the most common combining vowel.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM The cardiovascular system distributes blood throughout the body using blood vessels called arteries, capillaries, and veins. Blood transports nutrients to the body’s cells and carries waste products away from them. Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Erythrocytes (red blood cells) transport oxygen from the lungs to the body and carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs. Leukocytes (white blood cells) fight bacterial infections by producing antibodies.

CARDIOVACULAR SYSTEM The heart pumps blood through the cardiovascular system. Blood pressure is reported in a two number sequence (systole/diastole, e.g., 120/80). Systolic phase is the increased pressure when blood is forced out of the heart. Diastolic phase is the decreased pressure when the heart is not forcing blood out of the heart. A sphygmomanometer is used to measure blood pressure. . Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM ROOT aneur widening angi vessel aort aorta arter artery ather plaque card heart cyte cell embol embolus oxy oxygen pector chest phleb vein stenosis narrowing thromb clot vas(cu) blood vessel ven vein

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Consists of the glands that secrete hormones, chemicals that assist in regulating body functions Glands primarily in endocrine system pituitary adrenal thyroid parathyroid gonads (ovaries and testes) Glands primarily belonging to other organ systems liver stomach pancreas kidney Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ROOT aden gland adrena adrenal crine to secrete glyc sugar lipid fat myx mucus nephr kidney pancreat pancreas plas development somat body tetan tetanus thym thymus thyroid thyroid

GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT Contains the organs that are involved in the digestion of foods and the absorption of nutrients Not the same as the alimentary tract alimentary tract goes from the mouth to the anus Ducts hepatic duct – from liver (hepatic duct) to duodenum cystic duct – from gallbladder (cystic duct) to duodenum

GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT ROOT hepat liver herni hernia lapar abdomen orexia appetite pancreat pancreas pepsia digestion phag swallow chol bile col colon duoden duodenum enter intestine esophag esophagus gastr stomach hemat blood

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM Covering of the body skin (epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous) hair nails mammary glands First line of defense against disease and physical hazards Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ROOT adip fat cutane skin derm(at) skin hist tissue kerat hard mast breast melan black necr death (of cells, etc.) onych nail

LYMPH AND BLOOD SYSTEM The lymphatic system is responsible for collecting, filtering, and returning plasma water leaving the blood vessels. center of the body’s immune system thymus, tonsils, spleen, and adenoids are outside the network Spleen - responsible for removing old red blood cells Lymphocytes - attack bacteria and disease cells Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

LYMPH AND BLOOD SYSTEMS ROOT aden gland bacter bacteria cyt cell hemat blood hemo blood leuk white lymph lymph phleb vein splen spleen sepsis to putrefy thromb clot thym thymus

MUSCULAR SYSTEM Muscles give shape and movement to the body. more than 600 muscles made up of fibers and attached to bones by tendons Voluntary muscles - action controlled consciously Involuntary muscles - operate automatically Agonist muscles - produce an flexor movement Antagonist muscles - contract or bring limb back to original position

MUSCULAR SYSTEM ROOT burs bursa chondr cartilage my muscle fibr fiber rhabdo rod tendin tendon Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

NERVOUS SYSTEM The neuron is the basic functional unit. The brain has over 100 billion neurons. Central nervous system (CNS) – brain & spinal cord Peripheral nervous system – branches from spinal cord autonomic nervous system controls the automatic functions of the body somatic nervous system controls the voluntary actions of the body. Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

NERVOUS SYSTEM ROOT myel spinal cord alges pain neur nerve phas speech psycho mind somat body alges pain cerebr cerebrum encephal brain esthes sensation mening meninges ment mind

SKELETAL SYSTEM Protects soft organs and provides structure and support for body organs Contains 206 bones axial (skull and spinal column vertebrae) appendicular (arms, legs, connecting bones) Ligaments and Cartilage - connective tissue that holds together the skeletal systems at joints Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

SKELETAL SYSTEM ROOT arthr joint oste bone ped, pod foot carp wrist crani cranium dactyl finger or toe femor thigh bone fibul small lower leg bone humer upper arm bone lord curve oste bone patell knee cap oste bone ped, pod foot pelv pelvis phalang bones of fingers and toes rachi vertebrae scoli crooked, bent spondyl backbone stern sternum, breastbone tibi large lower leg bone

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Produces hormones, controls menstruation, and provides for childbearing The mammary glands (located in breast tissue) produce and secrete milk at childbirth. fallopian tube ovary uterus vagina Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ROOT men menstruation metr uterus ovari ovary salping fallopian tube toc birth uter uterine vagin vagina cervic cervix condyle knob, knuckle eclamps shining forth gynec woman hyster uterus lact milk mamm breast mast breast

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Produces sperm and secretes testosterone Primary sex organs – testes (testicles) Other organs seminal glands vas deferens prostate gland penis urethra Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ROOT andr male bala n glans penis crypt hidden orch testis orchid testis prostat prostate gland semin semen sperm sperm vas vessel, duct varic varicose veins test testis, testicle

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Functions Structures oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange production of sound body cooling Structures diaphragm pleural cavity pharynx larynx trachea and bronchial tubes alveolar sacs (alveoli) Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ROOT WORDS aer air aero gas bronch bronchus capn carbon dioxide cyan blue laryng larynx nas nose ox oxygen pector chest pneumon lung, air pulmon lung respir breath rhin nose sinus sinus

URINARY TRACT Removes waste materials from blood Primary organ is kidney Functional unit is nephron Waste materials from blood are ________ the tubule. filtered into secreted into reabsorbed from Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

URINARY TRACT ROOT WORDS ur kidney uria urine, urination uresis urination ureter ureter urethr urethra vesic bladder albumin protein cyst bladder glycos glucose keto ketones lith stone nephr kidney ren kidney

SENSES: HEARING Hearing external ear tympanic membrane (eardrum) middle ear (malleus, incus, stapes) eustachian tube labyrinth (vestibule, cochlea, semicircular canals) cochlea Body equilibrium semicircular canals, vestibule Image copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

SENSES: HEARING ROOT WORDS acous hearing acusis hearing condition audi hearing cerumin wax-like labyrinth inner ear myring eardrum ot ear salping eustachian tube tympan eardrum

SENSES: SIGHT The eyes provide sight. Complex structure involving layers of structure Ability to protect and lubricate itself lacrimal glands meibomian glands Images copyright Perspective Press and Morton Publishing Company. May not be copied, re-used, reproduced, or re-transmitted without express written permission from the publisher.

SENSES: SIGHT ROOT WORDS ambly dim, dull blephar eyelid conjunctiv conjunctiva come cornea glauc gray irid, ir iris lacrim tear duct ocul eye ophthalm eye opia vision opt eye, vision retin retina stigmat point(ed)

DRUG CLASSIFICATIONS Drug class – group of drugs that have several therapeutic properties in common Several classes oppose physiological processes. antianginals anticoagulants anticonvulsants antidepressants antidiarrheals antiemetics antihistamine antihyperlipidemia antihypertensive antiinfective anti-inflammatory antipruritics antispasmodics antitussive

OTHER CLASSES Analgesic Hypoglycemic hypo + glyc + emic = without pain, pain killer Hypoglycemic hypo + glyc + emic = reduces blood sugar level Hypolipidemic hypo + lipid + emic = reduces cholesterol or lipid levels Spermicide sperm + i + cide = kills sperm

PHARMACY ABBREVIATIONS About 10,000 abbreviations can be specific to one institution can be specific to one area of the country