Guriqbal Singh Jaiya Director, SMEs Division

An Overview of National and International Intellectual Property Systems and the Role of WIPO
Guriqbal Singh Jaiya Director, SMEs Division World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

Basic Facts about WIPO WIPO’s Mission:
To promote the protection of IP rights worldwide and extend the benefits of the international IP system to all member States Status: An int’l intergovernmental organization Member States: 183 Staff: 915 from 94 countries Treaties Administered: 24 Decisions by: GA, CC, WIPO Conference Guiding Principles: Transparency, Accountability, Consensus

Milestones : 1883 to 2006 2002 Internet Treaties 1989 1970
Madrid Protocol PCT 1970 WIPO established 1967 WIPO Convention 1960 BIRPI moves to Geneva 1925 Hague Agreement 1893 1891 BIRPI 1886 Madrid Agreement Berne Convention 1883 Paris Convention

Intellectual Property: A Tool for Development
“In the age of the knowledge economy, the efficient and creative use of knowledge is a key determinant of international competitiveness, wealth creation and improved social welfare.” “An effective intellectual property (IP) system embedded within a national strategy which anchors IP considerations firmly within the policy-making process will help a nation to promote and protect its intellectual assets, thereby driving economic growth and wealth creation.” Kamil Idris WIPO Director General

Types of IP Rights Trade Secrets Copyright and Related Rights
Industrial Designs Trademarks (Brands) Geographical Indications Utility Models and Patents New Varieties of Plants Unfair Competition

Strategic Goals Promotion of an IP culture
build a foundation for more solid & extensive IP culture better understanding & use of IP system. Greater respect for IP rights IP policies as part of Nat’l Dvpt. Strategies Development of balanced IP laws responsive to emerging needs Delivery of quality global IP protection systems Enhanced Access to IP System practical solutions to empower all stakeholders to develop, protect, enforce, manage and commercially exploit IPRs for development

Public Sector & Policy-Makers
Outreach Public Sector & Policy-Makers Intellectual Property Offices Building awareness General Public, Private Sector & Civil Society

WIPO’s Activities Services to Industry Norm-Setting
Economic Development

NORM SETTING AIM: Progressive development of international IP law for an IP system that is: balanced/responsive to emerging needs effective in encouraging innovation/creativity sufficiently flexible to accommodate national policy objectives Address/provide info. on current & emerging issues in IP - (review/discussion of topical issues in standing committees).

NORM SETTING atents A Success Story: Functional challenges: (success has generated operational issues) Political challenges: (greater public scrutiny) > Clarify current/emerging issues > Discuss improvements in op. principles/practice > Address issues in line with national/international economic development strategies Aim: Take into account interests of all stakeholders. A system that is balanced, reliable, swift, user-friendly, accessible, cost-effective WIPO’s work in this area is designed to reduce complexity, cost and time involved in obtaining patent protection in multiple countries and to address workload crisis facing many office because of rising number of patent applications, changing nature of applications (biotech) and duplication of work. Various activities support this endeavor, namely: - Substantive and procedural harmonization of patent law. - Development and adoption of reforms of PCT System. PCT Reform: began in Oct General objectives to simplify the system, streamline procedures, reduce costs for applicants, maintains quality of services to facilitate greater use, ensure system works to advantage of all offices irrespective of size.

NORM SETTING opyright & Related Rights: - encourage broader use of system - ensure it is in line with digital environ. Priorities: Implementation of WCT/WPPT (major step forward in updating CR at international level) Build consensus on topical issues Increasingly, the products that are fuelling the knowledge economy lend themselves to transmission in digital form at the click of a mouse to anywhere, from anywhere in the world, without quality impairment. This has posed many challenges for intellectual property policy makers. WCT, etc. set out the legal framework to safeguard the CR interests of creators in cyberspace opening new horizons for creators to use the Internet with confidence and generate, distribute and control the use of their works. CR more visible to the public and protected works are increasingly part of everyday life raising serious issues associated with public perception and consumer expectations. The digital environment, via e-commerce, provides better opportunities for use of copyright to support business activities and thereby to generate income and employment. Technology is an important tool for copyright management (DRM) to establish ownership, promote licensing and dissemination of works. In info. society, the need to safeguard fundamental principles of CR is a prerequisite for future creativity and successful economic and cultural activities - therefore, studies on economic contribution of CR-based industries and activities to national economy.

NORM SETTING rademarks, Designs, Geographical Indications
Tools for domestic/international commerce, marketing strategies Develop int’l TM law (TLT Revision) Legal advice Promote convergence of admin. practices Soft Law approach Promote dvpt./use of registration systems

NORM SETTING Traditional Knowledge, Access to Genetic Resources, Folklore Aim: Generate practical benefits from using IPS/use IP assets to support socio-ec. development, cultural integrity of communities/address concerns of indigenous peoples, etc Genetic Resources & Benefit Sharing Traditional Knowledge & Innovations. IGC (2000): Int’l Forum for tackling issues at several interlocking levels debating broad policy and legal questions; sharing practical experience; and developing practical tools and mechanisms Current situation: Maturing process - common objectives/ core principles. WIPO GA: new mandate - international dimension/no outcome excluded Toolkit for management for the management of IP interests in the documentation of TK A guide for the Protection of Expressions of Traditional Culture Survey of practical experience in legal protection of TK. Information materials Best practices reflecting international consensus on IP issues concerning TK, TCEs and genetic resources.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT To maximize strategic use of
IP for development by: - updating IP legislation - upgrading IP infrastructure - demystifying IP - promoting understanding of policy options offered by IPS Approach: tailored to specific national needs (NFAPs, etc. via regional offices) Focus Shift: deliverables, capitalize on assistance rendered. By developing national IP strategies, countries are better placed to leverage and extract maximum value from their national intellectual assets and promote sustainable, economic, technological and cultural development. Through tailored programs, WIPO is able to respond to the specific needs of member states for legislative advice and practical assistance and to support national efforts and use all forms of IP as economic assets.

EMPHASIS ON …. Networks - synergistic relationships Outreach Training
Collective Copyright Management Organizations Promotion of Creativity and Innovation Networks: to build synergistic relationships among those sectors of civil society and government that are acknowledged catalysts for developing and sustaining national intellectual development and management. SMEs - mobilizing SMEs to increase their competitiveness through use of IP. Innovators/SMEs contribute more than 90% of GNP in many countries & R&D institutions and universities contribute most of knowledge creation in member states. These knowledge contributors are often underutilized force for driving business success and economic growth. Specific strategies to empower groups of potential partners and users of the IP system who have not had the time, resources and information to understand the importance of and make effective use of the IP system to identify, develop, protect and manage the knowledge and IP assets they create - by working with SME associations, innovation center networks, business-technology incubators, universities, etc. to promote networking among organizations. (Guidelines, best practices, case studies, . WIPOnet: a secure communications network linking IP offices worldwide through the Internet - to narrow the knowledge gap and enhance participation of developing countries and LDCs. A platform for broader access to IP system CCM: continued support for creators and owners of copyright and related rights to strengthen the instit. Framework for CMOs.

WIPO WORLDWIDE ACADEMY
ACADEMIC TRAINING WIPO WORLDWIDE ACADEMY Distance Learning Program Professional Training Policy Dvpt., Teaching & Research Approach: Training trainers Partnerships with Academic Institutions/IGOs/NGOs - synergies for dvpt. Joint programs/publications, promo. materials The Academy is an educational institution devoted to training, teach and research in IP. It’s aim is to build the human resources necessary to support the vision and strategy that would see IP promoted and protected worldwide and IP rights used as a tool for economic, social and cultural development. DLP is response to need for IP education in context of limited resources. DLP launched in ,000 registrants to general IP course to date. Available in 7 languages. Development of intermediate & advanced modules (certificates) Establishment of core faculty in field of Int’l IP as tutors/resource people Professional Training - Aim: to enable enhance skills of IP professionals in areas of IP law, IT, best practices in processing applicatoins and delivery of client services. Policy Development, Teaching & Research: Response to broadening scope of IP as an issue of relevance to vital policy areas. As IP grows in importance and features in b/l and m/l negotiations, policy makers need a deeper knowledge of this field. Sessions to promote deeoer understanding of the role of IPRs in national and international cooperation and dvpt. Strengthen the capacity of decision-makers, etc. to formulate and implement policies fo rthe development, management, legislation, administration and enforcement of IPRs. Summer School

INNOVATORS & SMES Dynamic Economic Sector
Aim: improve IP awareness to enable formulation & implementation of: policies; programs; strategies to enhance strategic use of IP assets by R&D, Innovators/SMEs e.g. licensing agreements; finance; IP information to monitor competitors, etc. Innovators/SMEs contribute more than 90% of GNP in many countries & R&D institutions and universities contribute most of knowledge creation in member states. These knowledge contributors are often underutilized force for driving business success and economic growth. Specific strategies to empower groups of potential partners and users of the IP system who have not had the time, resources and information to understand the importance of and make effective use of the IP system to identify, develop, protect and manage the knowledge and IP assets they create - by working with SME associations, innovation center networks, business-technology incubators, universities, etc. to promote networking among organizations. (Guidelines, best practices, case studies, .

GUIDELINES & FILING SERVICES
I. Enhancement of global protection systems to further simplify and reduce costs of obtaining protection in multiple countries for: PATENTS (PCT): - PCT Reform - E-filing TRADEMARKS (MADRID) INDUSTRIAL DESIGNS (HAGUE) GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS (LISBON) MICRO-ORGANISMS (BUDAPEST) Patent law differs from country to country. It can be a costly, complex and lengthy process to obtain patent protection in multiple countries. WIPO’s global protection services offer a swift, reliablecost-effective and user-friendly option. Principle objective of PCT is operational excellence and provision of high quality services to benefit users of patent system, patent administrations and general public by streamlining the filing and processing of patent applications in multiple countries (through reduced duplication of work of national filing and processing) to make the grant of patents more economical (ie less diversion of public resources for patent admin.) Emphasis on ensuing PCT beneficiaries receive adequate knowledge of system and that the system responds satisfactorily to their needs. TRADEMARKS: In constantly changing business environment, TMs, etc. are important tools for promotion of domestic commerce and int’l. trade which, in turn, contribute to sustainable national economic growth. Indispensable in designing marketing strategies to identify and promote goods in market place and distinguish these goods from those of competitors. To be effective, need adequate legal protection at national & int’l. levels. WIPO’s registration systems facilitate the acquisition and maintenance of these IPRs in different countries A company in Morocco requesting TMP in 12 countries - application in 3 classes would pay over 6.5 times more if it didnt use MS but opted to apply to each national office separately -Madrid = 2,162 CHF; vs 14,245 CHF using national route). Renewal of same app. = 5+ times cheaper and cost of registering a change in ownership is 20+ times cheaper, costing 177 Swiss francs as opposed to 3,697 Swiss francs under the national route.

THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY
PCT

WIPO LEGAL SERVICES Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) offered by WIPO Arbitration & Mediation Center - tailor-made D R procedures, e.g.: - UDRP criteria: - identical/confusingly similar - legitimate interest - bad faith - cost-effective and expeditious procedure (see - WIPO Trademark Database Portal ( DN is a human friendly form of an Internet address that is easy to identify and remember. DNS is a hierarchy of names - Top level domains are divided into 2 categories (gTLDs and ccTLDs). gTLDs are managed by registry operators acting under authority of ICANN. CcTLDs are administered by competent national registration authorities. Because of increased use of Internet, DNs have acquired the role of business identifiers and even TMs e.g. AMAZON.com. By registering marks and names as DNs businesses attract customers to web sites. Cybersquatting is the pre-emptive, bad-faith registration of TMs as DNs by 3rd parties who do not possess rights in such names. Gives rise to disputes between TM owners and DN registrants which stretch the capacity of territorial judicial systems. First WIPO Internet DN process UDRP is an administrative mechanism for efficient resolution of disputes arising out of bad faith registration and use by third parties of domain names. Under accreditation agreement with ICANN, all gTLD registrars agree to abide by and implement the UDRP - incorporated into standard DR clause of gTLD registration agreements. International in scope - provides single mechanism for resolving a DN dispute regardless of where the registrar, DN registrant, or complaining TM owner is located. Cost effective and timely - decision usually in less than 2 months. A key advantage: mandatory implementation of decisions. Registrars are required to take the necessary steps to enforce any UDRP transfer decisions subject to losing party’s right to file court proceedings (10 days after decision). Admin. Character of UDRP does not preclude the DN registrant or TM holder from submitting dispute to a court for independent resolution. Either party may commence a lawsuit in court before, during or after a UDRP proceeding. The provide appoints 1 or 3 independent and impartial persons to decide a case - in proceeding, each party has opportunity to express preference. REGISTRAR’S ROLE: LOCKS THE DN REGISTRATION PENDING A UDRP PROCEEDING AND IMPLEMENTING ANY DECISION RENDERED BY A PANEL wipo center is not for profit - fee depends on number of dns included in dispute and number of panelists. most cases involve 1-5 domain names and a single member panel - usually usd in single member panel full fee paid by complainant. if complainant requests 3 member panel, full fee paid by him - if respondent requests 3 member panel.fee is split.

WIPO’S INCOME Total: 531 M CHF

From Invention to Innovation
While invention depends upon creativity, successful technological innovation requires integrating new knowledge with multiple business functions. 20

Innovation – What is it? The creation of new ideas/processes which will lead to change in an enterprise’s economic or social potential [P. Drucker, ‘The Discipline of Innovation’, Harvard Business Review, Nov-Dec, 1998, 149]

What is Innovative Thinking?
A means of generating innovation to achieve two objectives that are implicit in any good business strategy: make best use of and/or improve what we have today determine what we will need tomorrow and how we can best achieve it, to avoid the « Dinasaur syndrome » Innovative thinking has, as a prime goal, the object of improving competitiveness through a perceived positive differentiation from others in: Design/Performance Quality Price Uniqueness/Novelty

Obstacles to Successful Innovation
Competitive position Market judgement Technical performance Manufacturing expertise Financial resources

Innovation How to classify newness and degree of innovation and what to focus on: New to the firm? First in the market? First in the world? Incremental or radical innovation?

There are several types of new products
There are several types of new products. Some are new to the market, some are new to the firm, and some are new to both. Some are minor modifications of existing products while some are completely innovative

Product Development Strategies
Old Product New Product Old Market Market Penetration Product Development New Market Market Development Product Diversification

Marketing principles…….
Identify opportunities and threats Identify customer needs React to a competitive environment Careful planning to make a New or improved product Use the 4 P’s…. Product service Price Promotion Place (distribution) Retain flexibility to react to changes

The Development of Technology: From Knowledge Generation to Diffusion
IM ITATION Supply side Basic Knowledge Invention Innovation Diffusion Demand side ADOPTION 3

Innovation Process The adoption of an innovation by similar firms
Invention The adoption of an innovation by similar firms Usually leads to product or process standardization Products based on imitation often are offered at lower prices but with fewer features Innovation Imitation

The Innovation Process
An innovation starts as an idea/concept that is refined and developed before application. Innovations may be inspired by reality (known problem). The innovation (new product development) process, which leads to useful technology, requires: Research Development (up-scaling, testing) Production Marketing Use Experience with a product results in feedback and leads to incrementally or radically improved innovations.

Translation of a Creative Idea into Useful Application
The Innovation Process Translation of a Creative Idea into Useful Application Organizing Resources Commercial Application Analytical Planning Implementation To Accomplish: Organization Product Design Manufacturing Services To Provide: Value to Customers Rewards to Employee Revenue to Investors Satisfaction of Founders To Obtain: Materials Technology Human Resources Capital To Identify: Product Design Market Strategy Financial Need

The Profitability of Innovation
Value of an innovation Legal protection Complementary resources Ease of imitation of technology Lead time Profits from Innovation Innovator’s ability to appropriate value from an innovation 7

Appropriating Value from Innovation
Barriers to Integration Different Time Interpersonal Different Goal Formality of Orientation Structure Facilitators of Integration Shared Values Leaders’ Vision Effective Budget Allocation Communication Time to Market Product Quality Creation of Customer Value Cross-Functional Integration/ Design Teams Value Appropriation from Innovation 27

Product Life Cycle Maturity Decline Sales Growth Introduction Time

New Product Development
Stages in a New Product Development process: Idea Generation Idea Screening Concept Development and Testing Business Analysis Beta Testing and Market Testing Technical Implementation Commercialization

Technology Adoption – Diffusion of Innovation
Innovators: venturesome; greatest need Early adopters: opinion leaders; needs driven Early majority: deliberate Late majority: skeptics Laggards: traditionalists; suspicious

New Business Models Emerge
Then… One Integrated Company Now… Many Distributed Companies Product Development Cycle Product Development Tool Companies Testing Services CRO’s CRM’s

New Regional Model Emerge
Then… Manufacturing Research Development Trials/Testing Services Self-contained regional clusters Region A Region E Region B Region F Region D Region C Region G Now… Specialized, networked regions

Commercialization Model
Strategic Investment is the Foundation of a Successful Commercialization Model

What Investors Look for?
Novelty; world-class; evidence of commercial interest; clear path to market Unencumbered, or encumbered by reasonable conditions (Equity, royalties) Protection (Non-disclosure agreements, Patents, Designs, Brands, Copyright) IP protected by one or more Patents is the IP required to implement the business plan “Freedom to Operate”

Innovation, Intellectual Property and Poverty Reduction
Critical Ingredients for Innovation: Intellectual Capital Human Capital Financial Capital Proximity Social Network Capital It is a value-based competitiveness proposition. The U.S. can no longer successfully compete on cost (primarily), As an advanced industrial, if not post-industrial economy, it must compete on value—unique qualities of performance—rather than cost. Innovation and entrepreneurship generate value that contributes to increases in productivity, which, in turn …

Complementary Resources
Distribution Manufacturing Finance Service Core technological know-how Complementary technologies Marketing Other Other Bargaining power of owners of complementary resources depends upon whether complementary resources are generic or specialized.

Alternative Strategies for Exploiting Innovation
Outsourcing certain functions Strategic Alliance Joint Venture Internal Commercialization Licensing Limits investment, but dependence on suppliers & partners Benefits of flexibility; risks of informal structure Shares investment & risk. Risk of partner conflict & culture clash Biggest risks & benefits. Allows complete control Small risk, but limited returns also (unless patent position very strong Risk & Return Allows outside resources & capabilities To be accessed Few Permits pooling of the resources/capabilities of more than one firm Substantial resource requirements CompetingResources Konica licensing its digital camera to HP Pixar’s movies (e.g. “Toy Story”) marketed & distributed by Disney. Apple and Sharp build the “Newton” PDA Microsoft and NBC formed MSNBC TI’s development of Digital Signal Processing Chips Examples

Uncertainty & Risk Management in Tech-based Industries
Selection process for standards and dominant designs emerge is complex and difficult to predict, e.g. future of 3G Technological uncertainty Sources of uncertainty Market uncertainty Customer acceptance and adoption rates of innovations notoriously difficult to predict, e.g. PC, Xerox copier, Walkman Cooperating with lead users early identification of customer requirements assistance in new product development Strategies for managing risk Limiting risk exposure —avoid major capital commitments (e.g. lease don’t buy) —outsource —alliances to access other firms’ resources & capabilities —keep debt low Flexibilility —keep options open —use speed of response to adapt quickly to new information —learn from mistakes 14

Innovation risk RISKS COSTS RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT COMMERCIALISATION

Mortality of New Product Ideas

The “ Right” Innovative Product?
The right product is one that becomes available at the right time (i.e., when the market needs it), and is better and/or less expensive that its competition. To have the right product, therefore, one must: Predict a market need Envisage a product whose performance and capability will meet that need Develop the product to the appropriate time scale and produce it. Sell the product at the right price

Innovation and Competitive Advantage
Difficult for competitors to imitate Commercially exploitable with present capabilities Competitive Advantage Provides significant value to customers Timely 12

Strategic Entrepreneurship and Innovation
Entrepreneurship is concerned with: The discovery of profitable opportunities The exploitation of profitable opportunities Firms that encourage entrepreneurship are: Risk takers Committed to innovation Proactive in creating opportunities rather than waiting to respond to opportunities created by others

Entrepreneurship Creativity is at the heart of entrepreneurship, enabling entirely new ways of thinking and working. Entrepreneurs identify opportunities, large or small, that no one else has noticed. Good entrepreneurs also have the ability to apply that creativity—they can effectively marshal resources to a single end. They have drive—a fervent belief in their ability to change the way things are done, and the force of will and the passion to achieve success. They have a focus on creating value—they want to do things better, faster, cheaper. And they take risks—breaking rules, cutting across accepted boundaries, and going against the status quo.

Entrepreneurship Defining entrepreneurship is difficult because there is no universal, clear-cut definition of the term. In its most basic sense, entrepreneurship is manifest in a business venture when an individual is able to turn a novel idea into a profitable reality. In practice, however, entrepreneurship is more multifaceted, ranging from operating a small business in one’s own home, to bringing a national franchise to a small town, to turning a new and unique idea into a high-growth company. Entrepreneurship can involve starting a business that brings a new store to main street, offering a product or service previously unavailable to a community, or acquiring an existing business that has had a long-standing presence in a community and helping it evolve to reflect one’s own vision and personality.

Entrepreneurship The word entrepreneurship literally means, "to take or carry between" in the sense of an economic transaction; to be a market-maker. It does not literally convey the notion of innovation that we commonly associate with the term. Joseph Schumpeter ( ), one of the more well known theorists on entrepreneurship, defined an entrepreneur as one who reorganizes economic activity in an innovative and valuable way. That is, an entrepreneur is one who engages in a new economic activity that was previously unknown. An entrepreneur is a risk taker because being innovative means there are few rules or history for guidance.

Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is the process of creating or seizing an opportunity, and pursuing it regardless of the resources currently controlled. The Webster’s Third New International Dictionary defines an entrepreneur to be “one who organizes, owns, manages, and assumes the risks of a business”

Entrepreneurship The entrepreneur shifts resources out of an area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and greater yield. [J. B. Say, French economist, circa 1800] Entrepreneurship is creative destruction. Dynamic disequilibrium brought on by the innovating entrepreneur, rather than equilibrium and optimization, is the norm of a healthy economy and the central reality of economic theory and practice. [Joseph Schumpeter, Austrian economist, 1911] The entrepreneur searches for change, responds to it, and exploits it as an opportunity. Innovation is the specific tool of entrepreneurs, the means by which they exploit change as an opportunity for a different business or a different service [Peter Drucker, 1985]

Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship drives innovation, competitiveness, job creation and economic growth. It allows new/innovative ideas to turn into successful ventures in high-tech sectors and/or can unlock the personal potential of disadvantaged people to create jobs for themselves and find a better place in society.

Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship, in small business or large, focuses on "what may be" or "what can be". One is practicing entrepreneurship by looking for what is needed, what is missing, what is changing, and what consumers will buy during the coming years.

Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurs have: A passion for what they do
The creativity and ability to innovate A sense of independence and self- reliance (Usually) a high level of self confidence A willingness and capability (though not necessarily capacity or preference) for taking risks

Entrepreneurship A tolerance for organizational bureaucracies
Entrepreneurs do not (usually) have: A tolerance for organizational bureaucracies A penchant for following rules A structured approach to developing and implementing ideas The foresight to plan a course of action once the idea is implemented and established

Entrepreneurial Success
1. People (Entrepreneur /Entrepreneurial Team) 2. Opportunity (Marriage of Market and Product/Service) 3. Access to Resources (Land. Labor, Capital, Knowledge) And the fit amongst these three elements

Major factors determining success of a new product in the market
The product provides functional advantages Lower price for comparable product More attractive design (look) Reputation of brand Easy access: Available in the main retail shops Consistent product quality Excellent after-sales services

Competitive Advantage
Criteria… Low cost producer Product differentiation Niche market

An opportunity driven path to market- a different business design
Breakthrough Innovation Need two processes: NPD and NB(usiness)D An opportunity driven path to market a different business design ? ? New Product Development New Business Development New Businesses Innovative New Products

Protection of IP Products Value adding Technologies Research
Ideas Research Technologies Products Confidentiality or Nondisclosure Agreements (Trade Secrets) Collaborative Research Agreement Utility models, Patents Technology Licensing Agreement, Branding

Intellectual Property Questions
Intellectual Property (IP) Issues/questions during New Product Development (NPD): Can the innovation be legally protected? For how long? How does one protect an innovation from imitators? How much will it cost? When to protect? Do you need to rely on an IP expert? The answers are complicated by the fact that one or more types of legal frameworks may be used to protect a particular innovation, product, process, or creative work. These include trade secrets, trademarks, designs, patents, and copyright. It is necessary to know which are applicable and when each is appropriate. This varies somewhat from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. The advice of a lawyer that specializes in these matters is essential

Intellectual Property Questions
It is necessary to know which types of intellectual property rights (IPRs) are applicable and when is each type of IPR appropriate. This varies somewhat from one country to another. The advice of an IP lawyer is desirable if not essential.

Background In September 2000, the WIPO Assemblies approved the creation of “a substantial new program of activities, focusing on the IP-related needs of SMEs worldwide” SMEs Division established in October 2000 Nine professionals and three administrative staff in the SMEs Division of WIPO

Strategy 1. Demystification 2. New audience 3. New Areas 4. Proactive
5. E-Services 6. Partnership

(1) Demystification Studies Guides Events and expert missions
Website and newsletter CD-ROM Magazine articles

(1) Demystification (Studies)
National Studies (on IP and SMEs) completed or under way in Argentina, Bhutan, Mongolia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Sierra Leone, Romania, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras and Paraguay, Egypt, Morocco, Lebanon WIPO Survey of IP Services to Tenants of European Technology Incubators Norwegian SMEs and the IPR system

(1) Demystification (Guides)
WIPO/ITC Guide on Marketing of Crafts and Visual Arts; Role of Intellectual Property; A practical guide WIPO/ITC Guide on Secrets of Intellectual Property: Guide for Small and Medium Sized Exporters WIPO/ITC Guide on Exchanging Value: Negotiating Technology Licensing Agreements - A Training Manual ITC Guide on Exporting Automotive Components ITC Guide on Pharmaceutical SMEs (Forthcoming)

IP for Business Series Making a Mark (Trademarks)
Looking Good (Designs) Inventing the Future (Patents) Creative Expression (Copyright and Related Rights)

(1) Demystification (Guides)
Translation and/or customization: Under way, with funding from several sources, in the following countries: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Hungary, Italy, India, Israel, Kenya, Lebanon, Malaysia, Malta, Mongolia, Morocco, New Zealand, Philippines, Poland, Slovakia, Spain, Tanzania, Tunisia, Vietnam 16 Countries members of the OAPI

(1) Demystification (Events)
Special programs, seminar and workshops organized by the SMEs Division in Geneva in partnership with selected associations and organizations (IASP, INSME, IPI, MOST, WASME) Annual WIPO Forum on IP and SMEs for IP Offices of OECD Countries

(1) Demystification (Events)
WIPO-Italy Forum on Textile and Clothing Industries of the Mediterranean Basin Countries (Prato, Italy - December 2003) Participants from Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, Jordan, Israel, Lebanon, Malta, Morocco, Palestine, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey

(1) Demystification (Website)
The Website of the SMEs Division is in six UN languages (English, French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian and Chinese) More than 100,000 pages viewed every month in 2006 Contents include sections such as IP for Business, IP and E-Commerce, Activities, Best Practices, Case Studies and Documents

SMEs Website

(1) Demystification (Newsletter)
Monthly e-newsletter in the 6 UN languages (Free) Content includes articles, updates with information, links and documents Launched in August 2001 Total number of subscribers: >25,000

(1) Demystification (CD-ROM)
50,000 copies of the SMEs Division CD-ROM distributed to SME support institutions, IP Offices and others worldwide Marketing and customization E-learning CD ROM (in partnership with KIPO: “IP Panorama”) SAARC CD-ROM (in preparation)

(1) Demystification (Articles)
Some articles recently published: What to do if you are accused of copyright infringement Tapping into Patent Information: a buried treasure International trade in technology – licensing of know- how and trade secrets Intellectual Property and E-commerce: how to take care of your business’ website Offshore outsourcing and IP Savvy marketing: merchandising of IP rights

(2) New Audience Bringing IP issues to SME events
Bringing new business perspective to IP events New partnership: Open door policy IGOs, government focal points, SME support, training and financial institutions, chambers of commerce and industry, SME associations, SME research institutions, private sector institutions, universities, etc...

(3) New Areas IP for financing (venture capital, securitization)
Accounting and valuation of IP assets IP Asset Management, IP Due Diligence and IP Audit Fiscal policies and IP (tax incentives for R&D activities, patenting, licensing etc.) IP services to SMEs by incubators, technology parks, chambers of commerce and SME associations IP needs of SMEs in agriculture, biotechnology, handicrafts, software, textiles, etc

(4) Being Proactive Original Content Links Best Practices Case Studies

(5) E-Services Web site content SME mail E-mail newsletter
Distance learning (proposed) Discussion forum (proposed)

(6) Partnership National and Regional IP Offices
National SME focal points in government, private sector Chambers of Commerce and Industry SME Associations; Cooperatives Incubators, Science Parks, Technology Parks Universities; R & D Institutes Private Sector Consultants SME Finance Institutions (including venture capitalists) Other UN Agencies (ITC, ILO, UNIDO, AfDB, UN Regional Commissions)

Bringing it All Together Example No. 1
Decades ago, Coca-Cola decided to keep its soft drink formula a secret The formula is only know to a few people within the company Kept in the vault of a bank in Atlanta Those who know the secret formula have signed non-disclosure agreements It is rumored that they are not allowed to travel together If it had patented its formula, the whole world would be making Coca-Cola

Patent for stud and tube coupling system (the way bricks hold together) But: Today the patents have long expired and the company tries hard to keep out competitors by using designs, trademarks and copyright Reverse engineering would have been easy

Patent for the fountain pen that could store ink Utility Model for the grip and pipette for injection of ink Industrial Design: smart design with the grip in the shape of an arrow Trademark: provided on the product and the packaging to distinguish it from other pens Source: Japanese Patent Office

® Registered Trade Mark ‘TM’ Unregistered Registered Design Copyright: Labels & Artwork Patents: Several dozen!

Bringing it All Together Example No. 5 : Personal Computer
Patent protection for the innovative functional features of the computer Trademark protection for the brand name that goes on the box Copyright protection for the software that runs inside Trade secret protection for the semiconductor processing techniques used to create the processor

IP TRIGGERS Starting up, investing in, buying or selling a business
Selecting a name or logo for a product, service, or company Developing a new product or service (biotechnology, software, devices, and instruments) Improving an existing product or service Applying for a government grant Entering into a government, academic, or corporate collaboration Bringing on a key employee or contractor for design, research, or development work Providing business or technical information to suppliers, customers, partners or investors Launching a major sales effort or marketing initiative Maintaining or expanding a customer list Searching for advantages in a competitive market Setting up a website for your business

Key Message 1 IP adds value at every stage of the value chain from creative/innovative idea to putting a new, better, and cheaper, product/service on the market: Trademarks/ GIs Ind. Designs/Patents/Copyright Patents / Utility Models/Trade secrets All IP Rights Patents / Utility models Industrial Designs/ Trademarks/GIs Invention Commercialization Marketing Exporting Financing Product Design Licensing Literary / artistic creation Copyright/Related Rights All IP Rights

Key Message 2 IP Strategy should be an integral part of the overall business strategy of an Enterprise The IP strategy of an Enterprise is influenced by its creative/innovative capacity, financial resources, field of technology, competitive environment, etc. BUT: Ignoring the IP system altogether is in itself an IP strategy, which may eventually prove very costly or even fatal

Key Message 3 (More for Less)
Own Use Licensing Franchising Merchandising (Mickey Mouse, Hello Kitty)

Key Questions What are the IP assets of a business?
Status of the company’s IP Portfolio? How important are IP assets to the business? How does the company protect its IP assets? How does the company protect itself from the IP assets of others? What is the company’s IP policy and strategy? Is the Company’s business strategy and IP strategy aligned ? Is the company getting the best value out of its IP assets?

Hierarchy of IP Value Biz Strategy Driver Deliver Revenue
Build Markets and Relationships Design Freedom Potential Return Manage Competition Protecting Inventions

Stage 1: IP Health Check Identification/Documentation/Product review:
patents, trademarks, copyright technical specifications, manufacturing and design documents benefits statements, product descriptions, marketing statements IP Management: process capture, registration

Stage 2: IP Consolidation
IP Protection: IP Gap/Risk Analysis includes DRM focus IP Management: IP Register (Build/Refresh) IP Management Process “Like financial management, IP management must be disciplined and process rich to be effective”

Stage 3: IP Management IP Register IP Management Process
IP as an Asset – Culture Resultant IP – IP Capture process/tools “The interaction between a company’s IP and the IP of others (eg key suppliers of operating software, infrastructure and services) in our increasingly interconnected world is a rich source of resultant, and ultimately valuable, IP”

Stage 4: IP Commercialisation
‘To Market’ advantage for your valuable resultant IP An IP lifecycle management advantage New or enhanced IP revenue streams Constantly refresh and extract from your IP repository IP ROI “Uncaptured, unidentified and/or ill-managed IP cannot contribute to the overall IP ROI businesses must aspire to realise”

IP Management Tips Integrated management of all IP
Allocate responsibility Inside and outside Conduct research Create, maintain, and enforce rights Careful timing of decisions Timely filings Budget planning for expensive actions Avoid liability and ownership disputes IP owners Customers Collaborators

IP Management Accounting Legal Tax Technical Insurance Business
Security Automation Personnel Legal Technical Business Export Financial Relationships

An Aspect of Good Management
People Management – because IP is generated by people and used by people Knowledge Management – because a lot of knowledge is informal and may or may not crystallise as recognisable category of IP IT Strategic Planning – because a lot of IP is IT-related; some of the more complex IP issues arise in IT context Contract Management – because IP is often created (or improved) in context of a contract (eg, supply contract or joint venture relationship) Asset Management – because IP is an asset, albeit intangible; it has a value Risk Management – because there are risks to an organisation flowing from its actions, or failure to act, in relation to IP (including risk of lost opportunity) Philip Crisp etc, could ask for any other suggestions from the audience here with permission of P Crisp, AGS, 2003

Thank You Guriqbal Singh Jaiya guriqbal.jaiya@wipo.int

Guriqbal Singh Jaiya Director, SMEs Division

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Guriqbal Singh Jaiya Director, SMEs Division

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