1. The Struggle for Equality
Civil Rights
in the 50’s and 60’s
Since passage of 13th amendment, …
Reconstruction
federal troops until 1877
South on its own … abuses and injustices
Industrial Revolution
Wars
20’s
30’s NRA regulations allowed for lower pay for blacks
Postwar America …why not fix OUR nation?

2. Background Info Post Civil War Plessy v Ferguson case Amendments
Reconstruction
Ku Klux Klan
Jim Crow laws
Plessy v Ferguson case
“Separate but equal”
Civil War amendments: 13, 14, 15 FREE . . CITIZENS . . VOTE
KKK: Late 1860’s Tenn Intimidation
Jim Crow laws: segregation
Plessy v. Ferguson 1896: separate but equal is OK
Decision stands until 1954 (Brown)

3. Plessy v Ferguson Is Separate Equal ?
Facts:
1896 Homer Plessy took a seat in the “Whites Only” car of a train and refused to move. He was arrested, tried, and convicted in the District Court of New Orleans for breaking Louisiana’s segregation law.
Question:
Was the Louisiana law separating blacks and whites on railroad cars legal?
Decision:
Split decision that “separate but equal” law did not violate the 14th amendment

4. Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka KS Is Separate Equal ?
Facts:
Linda Brown’s parents wanted her to attend the school close to her home. Kansas law stated she had to attend a segregated school. NAACP and attorney Thurgood Marshall tested the law.
Question:
Can Linda Brown attend an “all white” school?
Decision:
“separate educational facilities inherently unequal”
desegregation required across the nation

5. Theory of Interposition
Definition:
Constitutional Issue brought up 150 years before (remember nullification?)
–the right of the state (like Arkansas) to “interpose” itself between the federal government and the citizen whenever the state judges a Federal law or Judicial decision unconstitutional or harmful within its jurisdiction.

6. NAACP and leaders
Thurgood Marshall, lawyer, cases involving school segregation
Rosa Parks—refuses to give up her seat on the bus to a white man and as a result the Montgomery Bus Boycott occurs.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.—he gains national prominence as a leader during the Montgomery Bus Boycott. Arrested in Birmingham
Letter from a Birmingham Jail.

7. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
Influences on MLK
Jesus—love one’s enemies
Henry Thoreau—civil disobedience
A. Randolph Phillip—organizational skill
Gandhi—non -violent resistance

8. Southern Christian Leadership Conference
MLK’s organization advocating “Civil Disobedience” when facing an injustice.
Methods of resistance
Boycott
Sit-in
Demonstrations
Marches
Community organizing
Conscientious raising

9. 1957 Little Rock, Arkansas Central High School
Orval Faubus
101st Airborne
sent in by President Eisenhower to enforce the court order

10. 1962 “Ole Miss” James Meredith-1st black student

11. University of Mississippi

12. Southern Manifesto
Southern Manifesto was signed by ALL but three southern leaders
Al Gore, Sr., Tennessee
Lyndon Johnson, Texas
Estes Kefauver, Tennessee
Called for resistance –appealed to emotions of prejudices and paranoia that a united support of peaceful compliance might have diluted in the South

13. Greensboro, No Carolina Lunch Counter Sit Ins

15. March to Selma

16. March on Washington August 28, 1963

17. Excerpt…”I Have a Dream”

18. Civil Rights Act of 1964

19. LBJ-”We Shall Overcome”

20. Voting Rights Act 1965

21. Lyndon Johnson signing Voting Rights Act

22. Civil Rights of 1968

23. Inner City Riots

24. Section 2 The Triumphs of a Crusade
Chapter 29
Section 2
The Triumphs of a Crusade

25. The Civil Rights Movement
For
Against
USS John F. Kennedy
Middle

26. Section 1 (Summary) Terms Civil Rights (human, natural, and equal)
History (Amendments, S.C. cases, and Legislation)
Leaders
Organizations (NAACP, SCLC, and SNCC)

27. Leaders

28. 3

29. 4

30. 5

31. 7

32. Freedom Riders 8

33. 9

34. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

35. Strategy and Tactics
Action and Reaction

36. Tactics Media Civil Disobedience Sit-ins Bus rides Marches Boycotts
Provoking aggression

37. “Momentum” Timeline May 1961, Freedom Riders
Sep 1962, integrating the University of MS
Apr 1963, Birmingham
June 1963, integrating the University of AL
Aug 1963, March on Washington
Summer of ’64 Freedom Summer
Early 1965, Selma Campaign

38. Freedom Riders Apr-Dec 1961 Who: CORE and SNCC
Plan of Action: to test the SC decision banning segregation on interstate bus routes
Obstacles: violence
Reaction: (pg. 705, 3rd paragraph)

39. Riding for Freedom

40. University of Mississippi
September 1962
Who: James Meredith and JFK
Plan of Action: integrate UM
Obstacles: Governor Ross Barnett, riots, and death
Reaction: JFK ordered federal marshals to escort Meredith.
James Meredith

41. Heading to Birmingham April 1963
Who: Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth, MLK, and the SCLC
Plan of Action: demonstrate and march
Obstacles: violence (pg. 706)
Reaction: an end to segregation in Birmingham

42. University of Alabama June 1963 Who: Gov. George Wallace
Plan of Action: integrate the University of Alabama
Obstacles: Governor George Wallace
Reaction: JFK used federal troops to enforce the desegregation

43. March on Washington August 1963 Who: CR leaders, to include MLK
Plan of Action: converge on the nation’s capital
Obstacles: ?
Reaction: ST=continued violence (murder and assassination), LT=Civil Rights Act of 1964

44. Freedom Summer Summer of ’64 Who: SNCC and volunteers
Where: Mississippi
Plan of Action: register voters
Obstacles: Obstacles: Local officers killed volunteers
Reaction: Congress did not pass a VR act.

45. The Selma Campaign Early 1965 Who: SCLC and SNCC
Plan of Action: Voter registration drive and march to Montgomery
Obstacles: violent, local law officers (pg. 710)
Reaction: LBJ responded by asking Congress for the swift passage of a new voting rights act. It passed in 1965.

46. George W. Bush reauthorizes the Voting Rights Act for 25 years

47. Summary