1. Unit G: Hematology Explain the structure of the blood.
Analyze the function of the blood.
Discuss characteristics and treatments of common blood disorders

2. Assignment
Find in your packet the page titled Blood Anticipation Guide. Read the instructions carefully! Complete.

3. Bell/Payday! List the functions of the Blood!
Goals: Explain structures of the blood
Analyze the functions of the blood
Discuss characteristics and treatment of common blood disorders

4. Hematology Average adult = 8-10 pints of blood Functions:
Transports nutrients, oxygen, cellular waste products, and hormones
Aids in distribution of heat
Regulates acid-base balance
Helps protect against infection

5. Ha! Ha!
Why did the blonde nurse take a red magic marker to work? So she could draw blood! I just had to tell you that one I heard the other day. Funny, even if I am blonde( sometimes)!!

6. Composition:
PLASMA – liquid portion of blood without cellular components
Serum – plasma after a blood clot is formed
Cellular elements are
red cells, white cells, and platelets

7. PLASMA Straw colored, contains – Water Blood proteins Plasma proteins:
FIBRONOGEN – necessary for blood clotting, synthesized in the liver
ALBUMIN – from the liver, helps maintain blood’s osmotic pressure and volume
PROTHROMBIN – a globulin which helps blood coagulate. Vitamin K necessary for prothrombin synthesis.
Nutrients
Electrolytes
Hormones, vitamins, enzymes

9. Bell Complete the 2nd ½ of Blood anticipation guide
List all functions of blood
…when you finish come show me your work!

10. Read page 243
The first person to write down and show me ( in medical/scientific terms) what do smarties and RBC’s have in common wins a prize!

11. Bell What % of blood is Plasma? What % of blood is formed ?
What is in formed?

12. ERYTHROCYTES Shape = biconcave discs
HEMOGLOBIN – gives red color, heme is iron and globin is protein.
Function = transports oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide away from cells
Normal – men =14-18 gm, women = gm

13. Function of Hemoglobin
Red cells travel through the lungs where
O2 is carried to tissues and released
CO2 picked up and carried back to lungs for exchange

14. Arterial blood – lots of oxygen = bright red Oxyhemiglobin-bright red color

15. Venous blood – lots of CO2 = dark crimson Carbiminohemiglobin-crimson blue

16. What is carbon monoxide poisoning?
Hemoglobin readily accepts carbon monoxide - even over the life giving oxygen atoms (as much as 200 times as readily as oxygen) forming a toxic compound known as carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). By replacing oxygen with carbon monoxide in our blood, our bodies poison themselves by cutting off the needed oxygen to our organs and cells, causing various amounts of damage - depending on exposure.

17. red blood cells……….. ERYTHROPOIESIS Red cells live 120 days
Manufacture of red blood cells
Occurs in bone marrow
Red cells live 120 days
Old cells broken down by the spleen and liver
HEMOLYSIS – rupture or bursting of erythrocyte, can be from a blood transfusion or disease.
Page 148 workbook A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

18. Bell
Complete “b” from page …”I Am the Red Blood Cell” This has been copied and is in your packets!

19. Bell
Page workbook A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

20. Bell….
Define the function of a Leukocyte

21. White Blood Cells – LEUKOCYTES
Leukocytes-Defends body from injury and disease
Larger than erythrocytes
5 types
Normal leukocyte count = 3,200 – 9,800
Types of White Cells
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

22. Leukocytes are divided into two classes:
Granulocytes - grainules
Agrainulocytes without grainules
Classification is due to the presence of cytoplasmic grainules & a reaction of a Wright Stain

23. 1/2/4 discussion…45 second time limit
Granulocytes
Agrainulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

24. Granulocytes Neutraphils-Immune defense (phagocytosos
- Granulocytes make up 50% to 60% of all leukocytes. Granulocytes are themselves divided into three classes: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils.
Granulocytes get their name because they contain 30% to 40% of all leukocytes. Lymphocytes come in two classes: B cells (those that mature in bone marrow) and T cells (those that mature in the thymus).
Neutraphils-Immune defense (phagocytosos
Eosinophils- Defense against parasites
Basophils- Inflamatory response. Histamine. Produce HEPARIN – an anticoagulant

25. Agranulocytes 2 divisions
Monocyte – Formed in the bone marrow and spleen, Monocytes protect against blood-borne pathogens. Assist in phagocytosis. Move quickly to sites of infection in the tissues.
Lymphocyte - Lymphocytes make up up 7% or so of all leukocytes. A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell involved in the human body's immune system.
T-lymphocyte from thymus
B-lymphocyte formed in bone marrow.

26. Classes of Blood Cells B-lymphocytes-Antibody production
Erythrocytes-Oxygen and carbon Dioxide trandsport
Neutraphils-Immune defense (phagocytosos)
Eosinophils- Defense against parasites
Basophils- Inflamatory response. Histamine. Produce HEPARIN – an anticoagulant
B-lymphocytes-Antibody production
T- lymphocytes Cellular Immune response
Monocytes-Immune defense (phagocytosos)
Platelets-Blood clotting

27. Bell
Define phagocytosis

28. PHAGOCYTOSIS
– process when white cells surround, engulf, and digest harmful bacteria. .All leukocytes except Lymphocytes can…..

29. DIAPEDESIS
– when white cells LEUKOCYTES move through capillary wall into neighboring tissue.

30. Leukocytes are divided into two classes:
Granulocytes - grainules (Megablasts)-origin Red Bone Marrow
Neutraphils-Immune defense (phagocytosos)
Eosinophils- Defense against parasites, increase with alergic reactions .(phagocytosos)
Basophils- Inflamatory response. Histamine. Produce HEPARIN – an anticoagulant
Agranulocytes 2 divisions
1) Monocyte – Formed in the bone marrow and spleen, Monocytes protect against blood-borne pathogens. Assist in phagocytosis. Move quickly to sites of infection in the tissues.
2) Lymphocyte - Lymphocytes make up up 7% or so of all leukocytes. A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell involved in the human body's immune system.
T-lymphocyte from thymus
B-lymphocyte formed in bone marrow.

31. INFLAMMATION Body’s reaction to chemical or physical trauma
PATHOGENIC – disease producing microorganisms can cause inflammation
Symptoms – redness, local heat, swelling and pain
Why? Bacterial toxins, increased blood flow, collection of plasma in tissues (edema)
HISTAMINE increases the blood flow to the injured area

32. Why do we need LEUKOCYTES?? Define @ top of 3rd pg of outline
PUS produced – a combination of dead tissue, dead and living bacteria, dead leukocytes and plasma
ABSCESS – pus-filled cavity below the epidermis
PYREXIA – increase in body temperature by the hypothalamus – in response to pathogenic invasion
LEUKOCYTOSIS – increase in the number of white cells in response to infection
LEUKOPENIA – decrease in number of white cells due to chemotherapy or radiation
Workbook page E,F,G(ck pkt)
Worksheet Top ½ “The Blood”

33. Bell/payday If you missed any portion of class yesterday, see me!
Complete…..Workbook G page 156-already copied in pkt!

34. Workbook E, F

35. Career exploration (Name of career, Area of speculation, work environment, Academic requirements, Salary range, Educational programs )
Choose One…
Clinical Laboratory Scientist ( medical technologist )
Clinical Laboratory Technician ( Med. Lab. Tech)
Phlebotomist
Hematologist
Biomedical Scientist
Any other ideas??

36. Bell
Workbook 149 answer 7 and 8

37. THROMBOCYTES (Platelets)
Smallest of solid components of blood
Synthesized in red marrow
Not cells – fragments of megakaryocytes
Necessary for the initiation of the blood clotting process
250,000 to 450,000 per ml.

38. COAGULATION
Cut or injury  platelets and injured tissue release THROMBOPLASTIN  act on PROTHROMBIN in plasma  + Calcium ions converts to THROMBIN  the thrombin acts as an enzyme and changes FIBRINOGEN  FIBRIN creating a mesh that traps red blood cells, platelets and plasma creating a blood clot.
See Transparency

39. Clotting…. ANTICOAGULANTS – prevent blood clotting
HEPARIN = antiprothrombin
PROTHROMBIN – dependent on Vitamin K
W/B H (already in Pkt)
Word bank pg 154

40. Complete (worksheet) Functions of Blood Cells
Quick review…
Plasma-Straw colored, contains: Water, Blood proteins
Erythrocytes-Function = transports oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide away from cells
Leukocytes-Defends body from injury and disease
Platelets- initiation of the blood clotting process

41. Bell
Name the 4 blood types

42. Are you my type? Four major types of blood- A, B, AB and O
Inherited from parents
Determined by presence or absence of an ANTIGEN on the surface of the red blood cell Example-Type A blood has antigen A
Type O has neither Antigen A or B

43. BLOOD TYPES
ANTIBODY – a protein in the plasma that will inactivate a foreign substance that enters the body.
Someone with type A blood has b antibodies
Someone with type B blood has a antibodies
Someone with type AB blood has no antibodies
Someone with type O blood has a and b antibodies
UNIVERSAL DONOR – O
UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT – AB
See poster

44. Blood Simulated Transfusion Compatibility

45. Leave the fifth cup empty
Step 6: Rinse the Patient cup. Add liquid from Group B
to the Patient cup.
Step 7: Repeat step 5 using “blood” from the Group B cup.
Step 8: Repeat step 6
Step 9: Repeat step 5 using “blood” from the Group AB cup.
Step 10: Repeat step 6
Step 11: Repeat step 5 using liquid from the Group O cup
Step 12: Which “blood” groups can safely give blood to
the patient who had Group B blood?
Key..next slideAs Long as liquid does NOT change color=safe!
Step 1:  
Label paper cups with Group A,
Group B, Group AB, Group O. Label
The empty cup patient.
Step 2:: Fill four cups about 2/3 full with water.
Leave the fifth cup empty
Step 3: Add red color to cup A, blue to cup B,
and equal amounts of red and blue to cup AB;
do not add food coloring to cup O
Step 4: Pour a small amount of liquid from cup B into
Patient cup. Patient now has that type of blood.
Step 5: Using a medicine dropper, transfer “blood” from
Group A to Patient cup. Did the color change in
patient cup? Record your findings as either safe
or unsafe.

46. As long as the liquid in the patient cup does not change color the transfussion is safe!

47. Classwork/homework
Blood typing study guide

48. Erythroblastosis fetalis
Determining a person's blood type is very important if she becomes pregnant. Blood cells from the unborn baby (fetal red blood cells) can cross over into the mother's bloodstream, especially at delivery. If the mother and her baby have compatible blood types, the crossover does not present any danger. However, if the blood types are incompatible, the mother's immune system manufactures antibodies against the baby's blood.
 Usually, this incompatibility is not a factor in a first pregnancy, because few fetal blood cells reach the mother's bloodstream until delivery. The antibodies that form after delivery cannot affect the first child. In later pregnancies, fetuses and babies may be in grave danger. The danger arises from the possibility that the mother's antibodies will attack the fetal red blood cells. If this happens, the fetus or baby can suffer severe health effects and may die.

49. Are you positive??? Red cells also may contain Rh factor
If you have it, you’re Rh +
If you don’t, you’re Rh –
Another blood typing system, discovered in 1939, is called the Rh blood group. The Rh comes from Rhesus monkeys on which the tests were first run. About 85% of our population is positive for the Rh factor, and the remainder is Rh-negative.
RHO gam given to RH neg . mothers

50. BBLOOD TYPE REVIEW QUESTIONS
BBLOOD TYPE REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Mrs. Payne’s blood type is O positive. Her husband’s type is O negative. Her newborn baby’s blood type is O negative. Is there any need for concern with this combination?
2. You hear that your friend has been in a car accident and needs a blood transfusion; you want to donate blood. Your friend has type O+ blood and you have A+ blood. Can yourblood be given to your friend? Explain the reason for your answer.
3. Ms. Pratt is claiming the Mr. X is the father of her child. Ms. Pratt’s blood type is O negative. Her baby boy has type A positive blood. Mr. X’s blood is typed and found to be B positive. Could he be the father of her child? _______ If not, what blood type would the father be expected to have?
 4. A patient comes to the doctor’s office. She is pregnant and states she is Rh negative and her husband is Rh positive. She has heard that there may be a problem with the baby. Explain to her about the Rh factor and how this situation is taken care of today.
Bottom 1?2 “The Blood”

51. BLOOD TYPING STUDY GUIDE
1. Define antigen.
2. Define antibody.
ABO Blood System
 1. Name and differentiate the four main blood types.   
2. Describe the reaction that occurs when the body is exposed to antigens that are not in their blood.
3. What two reactions will occur if a person receives a transfusion of blood with antigens that do not match.
4. What test must be done before anyone can receive a transfusion? 
5. Define donor and recipient.
 6. What are universal donors? 
7. How did the Rh factor get its name?
 8. Describe the reactions that occurs when an Rh negative person receives Rh negative blood.
 9. How can the Rh factor be dangerous in pregnancies.
Complete Bottom ½ The Blood”

52. Bell/Pay Day You have approximately 10 index cards…
Write the name of the disorder (see your outline) on one side & description on the other
Complete L & M in workbook, page 157
When you have done all….see me for a copy of the test to study!

53. Cord Blood
Umbilical cord blood from a newborn is important in research because….
Cord blood has immunity producing stem cells, is easy to transplant and does on cause rejection

54. DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD ANEMIA Deficiency in number or % of red cells
IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
Usually in women, children and adolescents
Deficiency of iron in the diet causing insufficient hemoglobin synthesis
Treat with iron supplements and green, leafy vegetables
APLASTIC ANEMIA
Bone marrow does not produce enough red and white blood cells
Caused by drugs or radiation therapy

55. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA Chronic blood disease inherited from both parents
Causes the red cells to form in abnormal sickle shape
Sickle cells break easily and carry less oxygen
Occurs primarily in blacks
Treatment – blood transfusions

56. DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD POLYCYTHEMIA
Too many red blood cells are formed
May be a temporary condition that occurs at high altitude
EMBOLISM
Air, blood clot, cancer cells, fat, etc. that is carried by the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small for passage
Also known as a “moving blood clot”
THROMBOSIS
The formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel
The blood clot is a THROMBUS
HEMATOMA
Localized clotted mass of blood found in an organ, tissue or space.
Caused by an injury that can cause a blood vessel to rupture

57. DISORDERS OF THE BLOOD
HEMOPHILIA
Hereditary
Missing clotting factor
Blood clots slow or abnormally
Sex-linked – transmitted genetically from mothers to sons
Treat with missing clotting factor, avoid trauma
THROMBOCYTOPENIA
Not enough platelets
Blood will not clot properly
LEUKEMIA
Malignant condition
Overproduction of immature white blood cells
Hinders synthesis of red cells

58. Create Questions to play Jeopardy Jepardy Groups 1) Anemia-Sink side 2) Embolisms-Podium Row 3) Hemophilia-Middle tables 4) Leukemia-Clock row 5) Thrombocytopenia-computer row Create 5 questions from your topic. One side write topic other side write question AND ANSWER! On the end rank question by difficulty:

59. bell
Workbook 157 L

60. Human Biology Practice Quiz #6
Fill in the blank. As always, I strongly recommend that you actually practice taking this quiz by writing your answers down, then check them when you are finished.
1. Of the four primary types of tissue, blood is classified as a connective tissue.
2. Plasma is more than 90% water.
3. Erythrocytes are produced in the red bone marrow.
4. Hemoglobin is called a respiratory pigment because it carries oxygen and is red.
5. An insufficient oxygen carrying capacity due to either a decreased level of hemoglobin or a decreased number number of red blood cells is called anemia
6. The most abundant white blood cell that is the body's first response to infection is called a/an neutrophil.
7.  A basophil is a granular leukocyte that stains dark blue and is involved in the histamine release associated with allergic reactions.
8.Platelets  are cell fragments that function in coagulation.
9. The enzyme that activates fibrin during clotting is called thrombin.
10. Albumin is a plasma protein that carries bilirubin.
11. Capillary exchange at the arterial end is driven by blood pressure.
12. Capillary exchange at the venous end is driven by osmosis.
13. A foreign substance that stimulates the immune system to react is called a/an antigen.
14. In the ABO blood typing system, the universal blood donor is type O.
15. The color of deoxyhemoglobin is dark blue/purple.
16. Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the kidneys in response to decreased arterial oxygen levels.
Short Answer.
16. Name 3 functions of blood.           1. Transport - nutrients, wastes, hormones           2. Protection - fluid loss & disease           3. Regulation - fluid, ion, and pH balance & heat distribution
17.  If a person suffers from carbon monoxide poisoning, why is removing the person from the source of carbon monoxide not sufficient to revive them? Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin 200X more tightly than oxygen, and will remain bound for many hours which renders those red blood cells useless in carrying oxygen.
18. Name 4 general differences between erythrocytes and leukocytes.      1.  Mature erythrocytes do not have a nucleus, leukocytes do.      2.  Erythrocytes have hemoglobin, leukocytes do not.      3.  Leukocytes are much bigger than erythrocytes.      4. Erythrocytes are normally confined to the blood vessels, leukocytes are highly mobile and move out into the tissues.
19. Name the two types of lymphocytes and their functions.            1. B lymphocytes - produce antibodies            2. T lymphocytes - directly destroy antigens
20. Name three types of plasma proteins and their functions.           1.  Albumin - carries bilirubin           2.  Lipoproteins - carry cholesterol           3.  Globulins - fight infection
21. What is the function of lymphatic capillaries? To collect excess tissue fluid remaining after capillary exchange and return it to the circulatory system - helps maintain normal blood volume and blood pressure.
22. In the ABO blood-typing system, what blood type is considered the universal recipient? Why?  Type AB, because an individual with type AB blood would not have antibodies to either A or B antigens as it carries both types of antigens. Therefore, none of the other blood types would be recognized as foreign.
23. Name two organs that remove aged red blood cells from circulation. What happens to the hemoglobin in these cells?  Liver and spleen. Hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin. Globin is further broken down into its component amino acids, which are recycled by the body.  Heme is broken down and excreted as the bile pigments, bilirubin and biliverdin. (The Billy Brothers!)
Extra Credit: If an Rh negative mother is pregnant with an Rh positive baby, how can hemolytic disease of the baby be prevented?
If an Rh positive mother is pregnant with an Rh negative baby, how can hemolytic disease be prevented?
To Be Continued

61. Bell
Answer review questions on page 255/256(new) 235/236(OLD)