1. Urinary System
Ch 25

2. Function Remove nitrogenous wastes
Maintain electrolyte, acid-base, and fluid balance of blood
Homeostatic organ
Acts as blood filter
Release hormones: calcitriol & erythropoietin

3. Kidneys as Filters Diuretic- lose water; coffee, alcohol
Antidiuretic- retain water; ADH
Aldosterone- sodium & water reabsorption, and K+ excretion
GFR= 180 liters (50 gal) of blood/day
liters are reabsorbed back into blood
Excrete a protein free filtrate

6. Renal Artery
Segmental Arteries
Interlobar Arteries
Arcuate Arteries
Cortical Radiate Arteries
Afferent Arterioles
Glomerular Capillaries
Efferent Arterioles
Peritubular Capillaries
Cortical Radiate Vein
Arcuate Veins
Interlobar Veins
Renal Veins

7. Nephron
consist of a long tubule & a ball of capillaries called a glomerulus
the end of the tubule that surrounds the glomerulus is called Bowman’s capsule
the remaining parts of the tubule are called the:
proximal tubule
loop of Henle
distal tubule
the tubule empties into a collecting duct that leads to the renal pelvis
the renal pelvis opens to the ureter

8. Nephron
Each kidney contains over 1 million nephrons and thousands of collecting ducts

9. Nephron’s functions:
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

10. Histology of a renal corpuscle

11. Pressures that drive glomerular filtration

13. The filtration membrane

14. Nephron

16. Composition of Glomerular Filtrate
Water
Small Soluble Organic Molecules
Mineral Ions

17. Boman’s Capsule
filtration occurs as blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus forces filtrate into Bowman’s capsule
the process is passive (diffusion)
the filtrate includes:
water, salts, bicarbonate (HCO3–), H+, urea, glucose, amino acids

18. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Reabsorbs: water, glucose, amino acids, and sodium.
65% of Na+ is reabsorbed
65% of H2O is reabsorbed
90% of filtered bicarbonate (HCO3-)
50% of Cl- and K+

19. Loop of Henle
Creates a gradient of increasing sodium ion concentration towards the end of the loop within the interstitial fluid of the renal pyramid.
25% Na+ is reabsorbed in the loop
15% water is reabsorbed in the loop
40% K is reabsorbed in the loop

20. Loop of Henle: Descending Limb
is impermeable to salts but permeable to water
as filtrate moves through the descending limb, water steadily moves out making the filtrate more & more concentrated
this occurs because the osmolarity (salt concentration) of the interstitial fluid in the renal medulla becomes increasingly greater the further down you go 20

21. Loop of Henle: Ascending Limb
is permeable to salts but impermeable to water
as filtrate moves through the ascending limb, NaCl moves out making the filtrate more & more dilute
basically, the purpose of the loop of Henle is to keep the renal medulla region of the kidney at a high osmolarity so water can move passively out of the filtrate in the collecting duct (as we’ll see shortly) 21

22. Distal Convoluted Tubule
Under the influence of the hormone aldosterone, reabsorbs sodium and secretes potassium. Also regulates pH by secreting hydrogen ion when pH of the plasma is low.
only 10% of the filtered NaCl and 20% of water remains

23. ADH Antidiuretic hormone: Produced by posterior pituitary
Targets collecting ducts to be more permeable to water
Results in more concentrated urine

24. Collecting Duct Allows for the osmotic reabsorption of water.
the collecting duct carries the remaining filtrate back through the renal medulla which is now very high in salt (high osmolarity)
as the filtrate passes through the collecting duct, water can passively move out
how much water moves out depends on the amount of water needed by the body
this is controlled by the hormone ADH

25. Urine Water- 95% Nitrogenous waste: urea uric acid creatinine Ions:
sodium
potassium
sulfate
phosphate
From the original 1800 g NaCl, only 10 g appears in the urine

26. Nitrogenous Wastes Proteins Amino acids COOH -NH2 Ammonia Urea
Uric Acid

27. Hormonal Control of Kidney Function
ADH
ANP
Renin-Aldosterone-Angiotensin

28. Fig
ADH

29. Hormonal Control of Kidney Function
hypothalamus
posterior pituitary
antidiuretic hormone
collecting ducts

30. ANP
aldosterone

31. Regulation of Aldosterone secretion by renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) pathway
Fig

32. Hormonal Control of Kidney Function
reduced blood pressure and glomerular filtrate
juxtaglomerular apparatus
renin

33. Hormonal Control of Kidney Function
angiotensinogen
angiotensin I
renin
angiotensin II

34. Hormonal Control of Kidney Function
angiotensin II
adrenal cortex
aldosterone
convoluted tubules

35. Urinary Bladder ureters urethra internal sphincters
external sphincters

37. Bladder Mucosa (transitional epithelium)
Muscular layer (detrusor muscle): 3 layers of smooth muscle
Fibrous adventia

38. Sphincter Muscles on Bladder
Internal urethral sphincter:
Smooth muscle
Involuntary control
More superiorly located
External Urethral sphincter:
Skeletal muscle
Voluntary control
Posteriorly located

39. When is incontinence normal?
Diuresis (Micturition)
When bladder fills with 200 ml of urine, stretch receptors transmit impulses to the CNS and produce a reflex contraction of the bladder (PNS)
When is incontinence normal?

40. Urinalysis Why do doctors ask for a urine sample? characteristics:
smell- ammonia-like
pH , ave 6.0
specific gravity– more than 1.0; ~
color- affected by what we eat: salty foods, vitamins

41. Odor odor- normal is ammonia-like
diabetes mellitus- smells fruity or acetone like due to elevated ketone levels
diabetes insupidus- yucky
asparagus---

42. pH- range ave 6.0
vegetarian diet- urine is alkaline
protein rich and wheat diet- urine is acidic

43. Color Color- pigment is urochrome
Yellow color due to metabolic breakdown of hemoglobin (by bile or bile pigments)
Beets or rhubarb- might give a urine pink or smoky color
Vitamins- vitamin C- bright yellow
Infection- cloudy

44. Specific Gravity Water: s.g. = 1g/liter; Urine: s.g. ~ 1.001 to 1.030
When urine has high s.g.; form kidney stones
Diabetes insipidus- urine has low s.g.; drinks excessive water; injury or tumor in pituitary

45. Normal Constitutes of Urine

46. Normal Constitutes of Urine

47. Abnormal Constitutes of Urine
 Glucose- when present in urine condition called glycosuria (nonpathological) [glucose not normally found in urine]
Indicative of:
Excessive carbohydrate intake
Stress
Diabetes mellitus

48. Abnormal Constitutes of Urine
Albumin-abnormal in urine; it’s a very large molecule, too large to pass through glomerular membrane > abnormal increase in permeability of membrane

49. Abnormal Constitutes of Urine
Albuminuria- nonpathological conditions- excessive exertion, pregnancy, overabundant protein intake-- leads to physiologic albuminuria
Pathological condition- kidney trauma due to blows, heavy metals, bacterial toxin

50. Abnormal Constitutes of Urine
Ketone bodies- not normal in urine
Ketonuria- find during starvation, using fat stores
Ketonuria is couples w/a finding of glycosuria-- which is usually diagnosed as diabetes mellitus
RBC-hematuria
Hemoglobin:
Hemoglobinuria- due to fragmentation or hemolysis of RBC; conditions: hemolytic anemia, transfusion reaction, burns or renal disease

51. Abnormal Constitutes of Urine
Bile pigments-
Bilirubinuria (bile pigment in urine)- liver pathology such as hepatitis or cirrhosis
WBC-
Pyuria- urinary tract infection; indicates inflammation of urinary tract
Casts- hardened cell fragments, cylindrical, flushed out of urinary tract
WBC casts- pyelonephritus
RBC casts- glomerulonephritus
Fatty casts- renal damage

52. INQUIRY List several functions of the kidneys.
What does the glomerulus do?
What are several constitutes you should not find in urine?
What is specific gravity?
What two hormones effect fluid volume and sodium concentration in the urine?
Where are the pyramids located in the kidney?
What vessel directs blood into the glomerulus?
Where does most selective reabsorption occur in the nephron?

53. Moment of Zen
KIDNEY

54. Moment of Zen