1. Pronouns
English Mechanics On Eng Heng Lee Wei Loon Lee Shun Jian Sigithasan Fatin Zulaika

2. What is pronouns?

3. What is pronouns?
a word that can function as a noun phrase used by itself and that refers either to the participants in the discourse (e.g. I, you ) or to someone or something mentioned elsewhere in the discourse (e.g. she, it, this ).

4. Types of Pronouns

5. Type of Pronouns
The term pronoun covers many words, some of which do not fall easily under the generic description of words that replace nouns. There are several different kinds of pronouns, including:
Personal pronouns (e.g., he, they)
Demonstrative pronouns (e.g., this, these)
Interrogative pronouns (e.g., which, who)
Indefinite pronouns (e.g., none, several)
Possessive pronouns (e.g., his, your)
Reciprocal pronouns (e.g., each other, one another)
Relative pronouns (e.g., which, where)
Reflexive pronouns (e.g., itself, himself)
Intensive pronouns (e.g., itself, himself)

6. Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns can be the subject of a clause or sentence.
Personal Pronouns usually represent people or things.
They are: I, he, she, it, they, we, and you. Example: “They went to the store.”

7. Type of Personal Pronouns
Subjective Personal Pronouns
-The list above shows the subjective personal pronouns. These are the versions used for the subjects of verbs. For example:-You are happy. -They won the league.
Objective Personal Pronouns
-The objective personal pronouns are me, you, him, her, it, us, and them. These are the versions used when the personal pronouns are objects (like direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions). For example:
-Paul knows her. (The personal pronoun is a direct object.) -Paul gave them the letter.
(The personal pronoun is an indirect object.) -Paul went with him.
(The personal pronoun is an object of a preposition.)

8. Person
Subjective Case
Objective Case
Possessive Case Possessive Adjective
Possessive Case Absolute Possessive Pronouns
First Person Singular I me my
mine
Second Person Singular
you
your
yours
Third Person Singular
he/she/it
him/her/it
his/her/its
his/hers/its
First Person Plural we us
our
ours
Second Person Plural
Third Person Plural
they
them
their
theirs

9. Demonstrative Pronouns
The demonstrative pronouns are this, that, these, and those. Like all pronouns, they replace nouns. Demonstrative pronouns are used to replace specific people or things that have been previously mentioned (or are understood from context). A demonstrative pronoun tells us whether it is replacing something singular or plural and whether that thing(s) is close by or farther away.

10. Type of Demonstrative Pronouns
Singular Pronouns This and that replace singular nouns. This represents something close by. For example:  This is very smelly. That represents something farther away. For example:  You can smell that from here.

11. Type of Demonstrative Pronouns
Plural Pronouns These and those replace plural nouns.  These represents something close by. For example:  These smell rotten. Those represents something farther away. For example:  Do not paint those.

12. Interrogative Pronouns
The meaning of interrogative is having the force of a question.
Interrogative pronouns produce information questions that require more than a “yes” or “no” answer.
These pronouns are used in questions. Although they are classified as pronouns, it is not easy to see how they replace nouns. Who, which, what, where and how are all interrogative pronouns.

13. These pronouns can also be used in sentences that are not questions
These pronouns can also be used in sentences that are not questions. In those cases, these pronouns are not considered interrogative. 
There are several other words that start with a W – but watch out! They are not interrogative pronouns just because they are words that start with W and are in questions! 
For example, “when” is not an interrogative pronoun. Neither is “why” or "where."
Also remember that unlike other pronouns, sometimes interrogative pronouns do not have antecedents because you are not yet sure what they really are! 

14. What is your favorite color? Whose shirt is this?
Below are a few examples of interrogative pronouns being used correctly in questions:
What is your favorite color?
Whose shirt is this?
Whatsoever do you mean by that?
Whom were you speaking with last night?
Which of these two do you prefer?
These are a few examples that are incorrect: 
When do you have to wake up tomorrow?
I don’t know where she was going.

15. Indefinite Pronouns
We use indefinite pronouns to refer to people or things without saying exactly who or what they are
In short, An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that refers to non-specific beings, objects, or places.
Indefinite pronouns can represent either count nouns or non-count nouns and include a number of sub- categories: universal (such as everyone, everything), assertive existential (such as somebody, something), elective existential (such as anyone, anything), and negative (such as nobody, nothing)

16. Type of Indefinite Pronouns
There are two categories of indefinite pronouns. The first category includes pronouns that refer to a nonspecific noun. These pronouns are:
anybody
anyone
anything
everybody
everyone
everything
nobody
none
no one
nothing
somebody
someone
something

17. The second category of indefinite pronouns are those that point to a specific noun whose meaning is easily understood only because it was previously mentioned or because the words that follow the indefinite pronoun m ake it clear. These pronouns are:
all
another
any
both
each
either
few
many
neither
one
some
several

18. Examples in sentences
All are welcome to come to the birthday party tonight.
Lizzie gave that book to someone and never got it back.
Anyone can play the game as long as they follow the rules.
Does anybody have a clue where the dog went?
Everyone knows it is impolite to point at someone.
No one came forward to admit the crime, so the whole class was punished.
Everyone had a great time at the Christmas party.
At the Thanksgiving dinner, each brought a plated dish to make the meal complete.
Marie told nobody the secrets that went on at her house.
Someone called to tell me the horrible news.

19. Possessive Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun in a sentence, making the subject a person or a thing. Possessive pronouns are pronouns that demonstrate ownerships. We use possessive pronouns to refer to a specific person/people or thing/things (the "antecedent") belonging to a person/people (and sometimes belonging to an animal/animals or thing/things).

20. Examples Possessive Adjectives my your his her its our their whose
Absolute Possessive Pronouns mine
yours
hers
ours
theirs

22. Examples in sentences I saw her book on your table.
His hair is longer than hers.
My dog is better than their dog.
The kids are yours, mine, and ours.
Whose book is on our desk?
One’s treasure is special.
The house is theirs and its paint is flaking.
Is his car really that fast?
The money was really theirs for the taking.
We shall finally have what is rightfully ours.
Their mother gets along well with yours.

23. Reciprocal Pronouns
A reciprocal pronoun expresses a mutual action or relationship. In English, the reciprocal pronouns are:
We use reciprocal pronouns when each of two or more subjects is acting in the same way towards the other. For example, A is talking to B, and B is talking to A. So we say:

24. There are only two reciprocal pronouns, and they are both two words: -each other -one another
When we use these reciprocal pronouns: there must be two or more people, things or groups involved (so we cannot use reciprocal pronouns with I, you [singular], he/she/it), and they must be doing the same thing

25. Examples in sentences John and Mary love each other.
Peter and David hate each other.
The ten prisoners were all blaming one another.
Both teams played hard against each other.
We gave each other gifts.
Why don't you believe each other?
They can't see each other.
The gangsters were fighting one another.
The boats were bumping against each other in the storm.

26. Relative Pronouns
A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that its relative clause modifies. 
We use who and whom for people, and which for things. Or we can use that for people or things.

27. Function of Relative Nouns
(1) identify it.  For example: The lady who made your dress is waiting outside.
(The noun is the lady. The relative pronoun is who. The adjective clause identifying the lady is shaded.)  I saw the dog which ate the cake.
(The noun being identified is the dog.)  We did not know the tune that had been playing..
(The noun being identified is the tune.)

28. (2) tell us more information about it
(2) tell us more information about it.  For example: Mrs Miggins, who owns a pie shop, is waiting outside.
(The noun is Mrs Miggins. The adjective clause tells us some information about her.)  I rode my bike, which now had two flat tyres, back home.
(The noun is my bike. The adjective clause tells us some information about it.)

29. People or Things
Subjective Case
Objective Case
Possessive Case
People
who (The boy whorang the bell)
whom (The boy whomyou met)
whose (The boy whose bike was stolen)
Things
which (The candlewhich melted)
which (The candle whichyou made)
whose (The candle whose wick had snapped)
that (The dog that bit the postman)
that (The dog that the postman hates)
whose (The dog whose bark sounds like cough)

30. Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive reflecting back on the subject of the sentences/clauses.
It is usually used when the object of a sentence is the same as the subject
A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that is preceded or followed by the noun, adjective, adverb or pronoun to which it refers (its antecedent) within the same clause. 
Example: 1. I saw myself in the mirror.
2. Why do you blame yourself?
3. John sent himself a copy.

31. Function of Reflexive Pronouns.
It used when the subject and object are the same.
EG: He shot himself.
It used as the object of a preposition, when the subject and the
object are the same.
EG: That man is talking to himself.
C. It used when you want to emphasize the subject.
EG: They ate all the food themselves.

32. Personal Pronouns Reflexive pronouns
Singular
Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Plural
Ourselves, Yourselves, Themselves.
Personal Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns I
Myself
You (Singular)
Yourself
You (Plural)
Yourselves He
Himself
She
Herself It
Itself We
Ourselves
They
Themselves

33. Intensive Pronouns
It uses the reflexive pronouns to add emphasis to the subject of sentences.
Intensive pronouns usually appear right near the subject of the sentence.
Example: 1. Did yourself make the cake?
2. I myself like a little stroll after dinner.
3. We went to hear the man himself speak.

34. Function of intensive pronouns
It uses the same form as reflexive pronouns.
EG: myself, yourself, himself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
2. Add Emphasis to the statements.
EG: I myself like a little stroll after dinner.
3. Works with the antecedent, the word the pronoun replaces.
EG: I will do it myself.

35. Exercise 1. Have …….. got a computer, Mandy?
2. Lisa did her homework herself……….. .
3. We helped ………… to some cola at the party.
4. There is an exam tomorrow. Needless to say, …….. has to study for it.
5. We enjoy the roses so much. ………… really liven up the garden.
6. Don’t blame yourself for the mistake. ……… is perfect.

36. 7. Our holiday was perfect, ……… went as we wished. 8
7. Our holiday was perfect, ……… went as we wished. 8. The laptop is on the desk. ……… is on the desk. 9. Have you seen …….. ………. solution? 10. ……. are the signers of the Declaration of Independence?

37. Q&A session ^^

38. The END !!! ;)