1. Civilizations of the Andes
Chavίn
Moche
Wari and Tiwanaku

2. Civilizations of the Andes
What do we know about the geography?

3. Geography and Food
The deserts only supported human habitation because of rivers…
Rivers provided irrigation and cultivation
Location near the Pacific Ocean
Birds and Fish
Seafood from the coastal region; cotton from lower-altitude valley; potatoes, quinoa, and pasture land for llamas in the high plains; tropical fruit and coca from the eastern slope

4. Civilizations of South America
First Wave Civilization= Notre Chico:3000 BCE
Second Wave Civilizations:
Chavin: 1200 BCE- 200 BCE
Moche: 200 BCE-800 CE – flourished 100 CE- 700 CE
Nazca: ?- 600 CE
Wari: 400 CE CE
Tiwanaku: 400 CE CE
Huari: 650 CE0 800 CE
Chimu: 600 CE CE
Inca: 1476 CE CE

5. Chavίn (cha-BEEN)
900 BCE – 200 BCE: became the center of a religious movement – Chavίn de Huántar
Location – coastal and highland Peru
Strategic location to trade routes
Why would trade routes be so important to Chavίn?

6. Chavίn (cha-BEEN) Architecture – the Elite class
Elaborate temple complex – galleries, hidden passageways, staircases, ventilation, drainage canals (technology)
Artwork – influenced from both the desert coastal regions and the rainforests – major deities represented as jaguars, crocodiles, and snakes (art and religion)
Shamans – San Pedro cactus – hallucinogenic properties – used to communicate with the supernatural world

7. Chavίn (cha-BEEN)
Spread of religion across Peru and beyond – how do we know? Architecture, sculpture, pottery, religious images – imitated within the region
Chavίn became pilgrimage cite and training center
No “empire” emerged – it was a widespread religious cult based on a trading network

8. Chavίn (review) N. Peru Farming society Different regional groups
Main town was probably a pilgrimage site

9. Moche (MOH-chee) 100 CE – 800 CE
Location – Peru’s northern coast – incorporated 13 river valleys
Economy dependent on irrigation systems – constant maintenance – channeled snow runoff from the Andes
Grew – maize, beans, squash – used water and guano
Fishermen – anchovies in the Pacific

10. Where is Moche?

11. Moche (MOH-chee) Politically – governed by warrior-priests
Lived in pyramids – largest had 143 million sundried bricks
Shaman-rulers – often under the influence of hallucinogenic drugs – conducted rituals and mediated between the humankind and the gods
Ritual Sacrifice of human victims – most prisoners of war – this was the central concept to the politico-religious life
Decapitation and dismemberment was represent on pottery

12. Moche (MOH-chee) Moche was based on war, ceremony and diplomacy
Wealth of the warrior-priest elite – elaborate burials of the rulers
Lord of Sipan
Craftspeople – metal workers, potters, weavers, painters, farmers, fishermen, traders, construction workers – little is known about the daily life of these workers

13. The Lord of Sipan

14. Moche (MOH-chee)
The Lord of Sipan – dating to 290 CE – shows wealth of elite – pottery, gold, metals, human sacrafices

15. What it could’ve looked like…

17. Moche Review 200 BCE- 700 CE Northern Peru 2000 separate settlements
Created irrigation systems
Royal tombs show social classes
Lord, buried in shrouds and covered in jewels
Surrounded by servants and animals
Llamas, a dog, and a snake
Paintings show priests in warfare and performing human sacrifices on the prisoners
Moche left around 600 CE and no one knows why

18. Wari and Tiwanaku 400 CE – 1000 CE Interior empires
Wari – northern highlands of the Andes
Tiwanaku – southern part of the Andes
Both centered on large urban capitals, monumental architecture, and large populations
Both governments collected surplus food – incase of drought and famine
Neither controlled a continuous band of territory

19. Wari and Tiwanaku Both developed vertical empires
Colonies at lower levels on the eastern and western slopes of the Andes
Food – seafood, maize, chili peppers, cocoa, hallucinogenic plants
Caravans of llama linked distant centers – allowed for trade

20. Wari VS Tiwanaku Agriculture – Architecture - City organization –
Wari = hillside terracing, snowmelt from Andes
Tiwanaku = “raised field” – elevated planting areas separated by small irrigation canals
Architecture -
Wari = tombs and temples were built of field stone
Tiwanaku = elaborate fitted stone walls and buildings
City organization –
Wari = built to a common plan, linked to capital by highways
Tiwanaku = not as tightly control compared to Wari

21. Wari VS Tiwanaku Shared 300 mile border
Little conflict between the two, or interaction
Spoke own languages, different clothes, different gods
Capitals were the base of their civilizations
Following their collapse were a series of smaller Andean kingdoms – one which became the Inca Empire – used technology and architecture from the Wari and Tiwanaku. Inca claimed Tiwanaku as their origin.
Fall of American empires came with the invasions of the Europeans in the 1400’s

23. Wari

24. Tiwanaku

25. Discussion Questions:
What kind of influence did Chavin exert in the Andes region?
What features of Moche life characterize it as a civilization?
What was the significance of Wari and Tiwanaku in the history of the Andean Civilization?

26. Civilization
What classifies a civilization?