1. Relational Dialectics Theory
Alex Ulbricht
Amber Kemmerer
Kristin Bowling

2. Questions Answered
How do we maintain our individuality while we are in interpersonal relationships?
How do members of a dyad express their feelings while still protecting their vulnerability?
What are the strategies used to maintain a healthy relationship?
How do we cope with the tension brought upon by our significant others?
Amber

3. Relational Dialectics Theory
Explains that relational life is characterized by ongoing tensions between contradictory impulses
“Contradiction is the central concept of relational dialectics.” –Baxter & Montgomery
Developed to describe, predict, and explain the tensions that occur in all personal relationships
Developed to better understand the contradictions that are present in relationships and the strategies to overcome them
Kristin

4. History Developed by Leslie Baxter and Barbara Montgomery in 1988.
Related to the Yin and Yang dynamics, which makes an emphasis on values always being in motion, like relationships.
Kristin

5. Type Social Scientific Humanistic Intrapersonal Interpersonal
Intercultural
Kristin

6. Metatheoretical: Interpretive
Ontology
Truth is constructed through interaction
Epistemology
Used to describe and interpret meaning
Axiology
Recognize how our values influence the truth

7. Earlier Studies
RDT relates to the Social Penetration Theory which examines the development of closeness in relationships
Relational closeness can progress from superficial to intimate
RDT also relates to Certainty Reduction Theory, which states the beginning of relationships are filled with uncertainty
Kristin

8. Primary Research
Baxter, L.A. (1988). A dialectical perspective on communication strategies in relationship development. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of Personal Relationships,
Alex

9. Further Research
Goldsmith, D. (1990). A Dialectic Perspective on the Expression of Autonomy and Connection in Romantic Relationships. Western Journal of Speech Communication: WJSC, 54(4), Retrieved January 26, 2009, from Communication & Mass Media Complete database.
Reseracher’s Position: Focuses on the qualitative changes in autonomy connection dialectic tensions
Methods: Examines and analyzes 10 romantic relationships through five types of tensions
Findings: All 10 respondents recalled instances of conflict between autonomy and connection.
Amber

10. Approaches to Theory
Monologic Approach- framing contradictions either/or.
Dualistic Approach- framing contradiction as two separate entities.
Dialectic Approach- framing contradiction as both/and.
Relational Dialectics Theory uses the Dialectic approach
Amber

11. Real Life Theory is evident in Friends. What is going on in this clip?
How does Rachel feel?
How does Ross feel?
Kristin

12. Dialectics
Interactional dialectics- are tensions resulting from and constructed by communication.
Contextual dialectics- are tensions resulting from the place of the relationship within the culture.
Public and Private dialectic- refers to the tension between the two domains
Real and Ideal dialectic- is the difference between idealized relationships and lived relationships.
Kristin

13. Vocabulary Totality: Contradiction:
suggests that people in a relationship are independent. When something happens to one member in a relationship, the other member(s) will be affected as well.
Contradiction:
Refers to oppositions- two elements that contradict each other. Contradiction is the central feature of the dialectic approach. Dialectics are the result of oppositions.
Amber: the social and cultural context affects the process; communicating in relationships “involves the constant interconnection and reciprocal influence of multiple individual, interpersonal, and social factors.”
Ex: When Joe gets fired from his job, Sandy, his wife must now work two jobs to make ends meet. The stress from those two jobs and being apart from her man puts a strain on their relationship

14. Vocabulary Motion: Praxis:
Refers to the process of relationships and their change over time.
Praxis:
Although we do not have completely free choice in all instances and are restricted by our previous choices, by the choices of others, and by cultural and social conditions, we are still conscious and active choice makers.
Amber Ex: Beginning of the relationship: perfect person, later on you see the flaws and the predictability of their personality

15. Assumptions Relationships are not linear
Relational life is characterized by change
Contradiction is the fundamental fact of relational life
Communication is central to organizing and negotiating relational contradictions.
Alex

16. Tensions Internal- between two individuals
External- your relationship and society
Three sets of tensions
Autonomy/Connection
Openness/Protection
Novelty/Predictability
Alex refer back to the public and private domains and the contexual dialects : public private, real and ideal

17. Autonomy & Connection “Primary internal strain in relationships”
Baxter
Simultaneous desires to be independent of our significant others and to find intimacy with them
Relational life is permeated with the conflicting needs to be both close to and separate from relational partners
Alex ASK FOR EXAMPLE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

18. Example Internal- External-
When you attend the same college there might be a contradiction on the amount of time you spend together
External-
The tension brought upon by hanging out with your girlfriend’s friends constantly and the desire to be alone with her
Alex Referring back to the dialect of public and private. We will eb doing this for each tension

19. Predictability and Novelty
Conflict between the comfort of stability and the excitement of change
RTD differentiates from Uncertainty Reduction Theory which assumes that people move towards certainty and away from uncertainty as relationships develop
Alex Different from URT because as we said before Relational Dialect Theory is nto Dualistic, eaither or, it is dialectic which is and/both

20. Example Internal External
Special surprises like sending flowers to your work but understanding this breaks routine
External
visiting your Mother in law’s house every Sunday for dinner
Alex

21. Openness and Protection
Focuses on our conflicting desire to first be open and vulnerable revealing person information to our relational partners, and second to be strategic and protective in our communication
Alex

22. Example Internal External
After you move away and go to college you might withhold information from your parents about the events in your life
External
The expectancy of your high school friends to get along with your college friends but to maintain the personal relationship you have with them
Alex

23. Responses to Dialectic Tensions
These tensions are ongoing so people have many different ways that they deal with the conflicting tension in their lives
These methods can be affected by your personality, time frame in which your relationship lies, and the stage that you are in your relationship.
Kristin

24. Reponses to Dialectic Tensions
Segmentation
Choosing different poles for different contexts
Cyclic Alternation
Choosing different poles at different times
Selection
Selection in choosing one pole and acting as through the other doesn’t exist
Kristin

25. Reponses to Dialectic Tensions
Integration
Synthesizing the opposition in dialectic tensions
3 Sub Strategies-
Neutralizing
Involves choosing a compromise between oppositions
Reframing
Transforming the oppositions so they appear as though they no long oppose one another
Disqualifying
Exempting certain issues from the general pattern
Kristin

26. Critique Limited testability Limited scope Timelessness
Researchers cannot monitor what goes on behind closed doors
Limited scope
There are limited studies on homosexuality and other cultures
Timelessness
New research is introducing new dialectics with the changing technologies and ways of communicating
Alex

27. Scholar’s Critique Weaknesses Strengths
It creates a self-fulfilling prophecy effect.
It does not have degrees of opposition, only contradictions.
Strengths
Improves the dualistic view that looks at relationships and communication.
It challenges the one-dimensional and more archaic views of communication.
**Theory critique by Andrei Duta.
Not a continum, there are 3 or 4 dimensions that represent different degrees of contradictions.

28. Conclusion
The relational dialectic theory describes explains and predicts the tensions that occur in our interpersonal relationships.
The theory expanded on other relational studies to help us better understand that relationships are ongoing.
The theory is relevant to each individual’s life and the relationships within.
Amber: READ

29. Questions?

30. Sources
Baxter, L.A. (1988). A dialectical perspective on communication strategies in relationship development. In S. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of Personal Relationships,
Baxter, L., & Montgomery. (1996). Relating: Dialogues and Dialectics. New York: The Guilford Press.
Cools, C. A. (2006). "Relational Communication in Intercultural Couples." Language & Intercultural Communication p Mount Union College. Retrieved February 1, 2009, from EBSCO database.
Duta, Andrei. (2008). Leadership Succession: A discourse analysis of governance dialects in two non-profit organizations. Retrieved February 1, 2009 from Google Scholar.
Goldsmith, D. (1990). “A Dialectic Perspective on the Expression of Autonomy and Connection in Romantic Relationships.” Western Journal of Speech Communication: WJSC, 54(4), Retrieved January 26, 2009, from Communication & Mass Media Complete database.
Graham, E.E. (2003). "Dialectic Contradictions in Postmarital Relationships." Journal of Family Communication , Retrieved February 1, 2009, from EBSCO database.

31. Sources
Griffen, E. (2003). A First Look at Communication Theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
"Interpersonal Context." Sping 2001 Thoery Notebook. Retrieved February 1, 2009, from EBSCO database.
Masheter, C. & Linda H.M.. (1986) "From Divorce to Friendship: a Study of Dialectic Relationship Development." Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Retrieved February 3, from EBSCO database.
Sahlstein, E.M. (April 2006). “Making plans: Praxis strategies for negotiating uncertainty- certainty in long distance relationships.” Western Journal of Communication, Retrieved January 28, 2009 from EBSCO.
Webb, L.M. (2004) "Theory in Progress: Commitment Under Construction: a Dyadic and Communicative Model of Marital Commitment." Journal of Family Communication, Retrieved January 29, 2009 from EBSCO.
West, R. & Turner, L. (2007). “ Relational Dialects Theory.” Communication Theory Analysis and Application Ed. 3, New York: McGraw-Hill.