3. [ netting ] [ seining ] [common in BC]
.t.y.p.e.s. .o.f. .f.i.s.h.i.n.g.
[ netting ]
( drift netting & gill netting )
[ seining ]
( purse seine and beach seine)
[common in BC]
( trawling and trolling )

4. .n.e.t.t.i.n.g.
DRIFT
Is one of the most destructive methods of fishing; known as the 'wall of death'
Strong plastic webbing up to 15 m in height & up to 64 km long
Forms a wall beneath the water & catches anything!

5. .n.e.t.t.i.n.g.
GILL NET
Is a wall of netting set in a straight line
Fish swim through the virtually invisible netting, & are entangled when their gills are caught in the webbing
Most commonly used on the Fraser River

6. .g.i.l.l. .n.e.t.t.i.n.g.

7. .s.e.i.n.i.n.g.
PURSE
A long and deep net with small webbing
Uses a net which can be "pursed up" around a school of fish
Used to catch surface dwelling species such as tuna, & mackerels

8. p.u.r.s.e. .s.e.i.n.i.n.g.

9. Surrounding of a school of fish using a single boat
.s.e.i.n.i.n.g.
BEACH SEINE
Surrounding of a school of fish using a single boat
Sardine, mackerel, Spanish mackerel, hard tail, sea bream and flat fish, may be caught by this method

10. b.e.a.c.h. .s.e.i.n.i.n.g.

11. .c.o.m.m.o.n. .i.n. b.c.
TRAWLING
Funnel shaped net attached to a ship by long ropes
Can harvest bottom-dwelling fish when dragged along the ocean floor
Leaves ‘trawl marks’ on the oceans floor and damages coral reefs

12. .t.r.a.w.l.i.n.g.

13. .c.o.m.m.o.n. .i.n. b.c.
TROLLING
Dragging a flashing lure or a herring bait behind a boat
Trolling is simply towing single fishing lines behind a moving boat

14. Destroys the wild habitats when they drag on the ocean floor
.f.i.s.h.i.n.g.
WHAT PROBLEMS are caused by these FISHING TECHNIQUES?
Kills other marine mammal (entangle other marine life) since the nets are not picky
Destroys the wild habitats when they drag on the ocean floor
Rob the ocean’s biodiversity

15. .b.i.o.s.p.h.e.r.e.
Loss of biodiversity could threaten the food supply of other species (Alteration of the food chain)
Add stress to marine organism & may lead to species extinction
Entangled marine animals and birds  causes unnecessary deaths
Dredging and trawling: Destruction of habitats  adds stress to other species
Overpopulation of one species, under population of another (due to over-fishing)

16. .l.i.t.h.o.s.p.h.e.r.e.
Nets destroy coral reefs  results in greater waves  more wave erosion on land
A f t e r
B e f o r e

17. Less fish  more plankton More O2 in water
.a.t.m.o.s.p.h.e.r.e.
Less fish  more plankton More O2 in water

18. Pollution  From ships and equipment
.h.y.d.r.o.s.p.h.e.r.e.
Pollution  From ships and equipment

19. .p.o.s.s.i.b.l.e. .s.o.l.u.t.i.o.n.s.
Practice selective fishing
Install devices to allow unwanted animals to escape
- Reserve and protect certain areas for fish harvesting
Instead of fishing, turn to aquaculture
Limit fishing (Fishing seasons)
More strict penalties on fishing violations
Lower the amount of fish that companies can catch
Stop commercial fishing for several years

20. .p.o.o.r.l.y. .m.a.n.a.g.e.d. Why did this happen?
The commercial catch in California has raised from around 2.1 billion pounds (1990) to 430 million in (1998) Every year about 70 marine mammals die in drift nets in the waters off the California coast. About 35 species dies in the hands of the “wall of death.”
Why did this happen?
Population is high & demands for great quantity of fish
Overfishing
To make money and raise up the economy

21. E n v i r o n me n t a l l y
The Packard Foundation Conservation Program seeks to ensure a healthy future for all life by conserving critical natural systems, addressing key threats to these systems, and providing the scientific information and training that will enhance their conservation. Progress has been made at regional fishery management councils to reduce fishing for depleted species, reduce bycatch, and improve provisions for habitat protection.
WHY? To protect the oceans and its living organisms

22. A big thank you to these websites:
Fishing:

24. To bridge the gap between the wild catch and the demand for fish.
.a.q.u.a.c.u.l.t.u.r.e.
What is aquaculture?
Aquaculture or fish farming, is the farming of fish, shellfish and aquatic plants in fresh or salt water.
Why do we farm fish?
To bridge the gap between the wild catch and the demand for fish.

25. What kinds of species are farmed?
.a.q.u.a.c.u.l.t.u.r.e.
What kinds of species are farmed?
Salmon Farming: Salmon, trout & char
Mollusk farming: Oysters, mussels, scallops & clams
Tilapia and carp farming
Crustaceans farming: shrimp, prawns & crabs

26. Some of the most common methods of aquaculture are:
Pond Culture
Raceway Culture
Cage Culture
Tank Culture

27. The most widely practiced form of aquaculture
.p.o.n.d. .c.u.l.t.u.r.e.
Pond culture is …
The most widely practiced form of aquaculture
Natural ponds mimic nature  have a natural supply of food  healthier fish production

28. .r.a.c.e.w.a.y. Raceway Culture is…
Flow through or open systems
Enclosures where the water moves through at a rapid rate, carry wasters out at the lower end
Production is intensive (why? Due to a steady flow of water)
Trout are most commonly produced in raceways

29. Salmon & barramundi are often grown in cages
.c.a.g.e. .c.u.l.t.u.r.e.
Cage Culture is…..
Involves placing a mesh or wire cage in a flowing, open water system, such as a lake, stream, reservoir or ocean
Constant H20 flow is critical as it renews the O2 supply & removes waste products
Salmon & barramundi are often grown in cages

30. .c.a.g.e. .c.u.l.t.u.r.e. Generally constructed in open H2O
Very large cages are constructed w/nylon or plastic netting are often called net pens
Generally constructed in open H2O
Disadvantages: Fish escapment & rapid spread of diseases

31. .t.a.n.k. .c.u.l.t.u.r.e. Tank Culture is…….
Often are a closed system
Water is recirculated through filters & pumped back in the tank
Expensive to operate
Used as a commercial holding facilities for the live export of crayfish

32. .a.q.u.a.c.u.l.t.u.r.e.
WHAT PROBLEMS DOES AQUACULTURE CAUSE?
Pollution to the environment (organic & chemical pollutants)
Brings diseases to wild mammals
Adds stress to the wild mammals living in that ecosystem

33. .b.i.o.s.p.h.e.r.e. Medical & educational purposes
Increase food population
Medical & educational purposes
Organic pollutants (uneaten fish food and waste) Adds stress on the marine organisms
Increase in bacteria, viruses and other pathogen  Exposes farmed and wild fish to the ill effects
Chemical pollutants (antibiotics, pesticides)  Toxic effects on marine habitat  species extinction
Alteration of the food cycle

34. .b.i.o.s.p.h.e.r.e.
Dropping of nets and other equipment  smothers organisms and physically alter the habitat
Escaped farm-raised fish  Drive some species to extinction due to competition for food and shelter  Disruption of ecological process  Threat to biodiversity
Salmon and shrimp farming  negative ecological impact

35. Increase in waste material  less O2 increase in CO2
.a.t.m.o.s.p.h.e.r.e.
Increase in waste material  less O2 increase in CO2

36. Mollusk farming: Clams & oysters filters the water  Cleaner water
.h.y.d.r.o.s.p.h.e.r.e.
Salmon and Shrimp Farming: Intensive aquaculture  overcrowding  poor water quality
Mollusk farming: Clams & oysters filters the water  Cleaner water

37. .p.o.s.s.i.b.l.e. .s.o.l.u.t.i.o.n.s. THE BEST SOLUTION:
Replace net cages with closed-loop containment systems
- Complete separation of wild & farm environments
- No pollution in the local environment
- Zero escapes
- More efficient use of food

38. .p.o.s.s.i.b.l.e. .s.o.l.u.t.i.o.n.s. OTHER SOLUTIONS:
Use native salmon only (prohibit the use of exotic species)
Educate aquaculture companies and to raise awareness
Hype up the mollusk farming (safer)
Escape prevention programs

39. .p.o.o.r.l.y. .m.a.n.a.g.e.d. Why did it happen?
In August 2000, more than 32,000 Atlantic salmon escaped from net pens in Johnstone Strait off northeastern Vancouver Island.
Why did it happen?
Net pens are cheaper to operate
Provides needed year-round employment in coastal areas hard hit by a downturn in logging
A money maker (Economy goes up)
There is no escape prevention (Government standards to not protect the ocean and marine life)

40. .e.n.v.i.r.o.n.m.e.n.t.a.l.l.y. .m.a.n.a.g.e.d.
In Flour Bluff, Texas, there are 6 mariculture ponds which are homes to crustaceans. That includes everything from indoor tanks to greenhouse-enclosed "raceways" & open-air ponds where large numbers of juvenile shrimp are placed for their final growth.
Why did it happen?
To protect the environment and living organisms
To achieve sustainability

41. A big thank you to these websites:
Aquaculture:

42. Hey, YOU wake up!! :)

44. .s.h.e.l.l.f.i.s.h. .h.a.r.v.e.s.t.i.n.g. What are shellfish?
An aquatic animal, such as a mollusk or crustacean, that has a shell or shell-like exoskeleton
Shellfish include clams, oysters, and mussels. The term shellfish does not include crabs, lobsters/shrimp
Filter-feeding animals (get food & O2 by pumping large quantities of H2O across their gills)

45. .s.h.e.l.l.f.i.s.h. .h.a.r.v.e.s.t.i.n.g.
What is shellfish harvesting?
Farmers’ takes a shellfish from their own habitat
Bringing them to a new area
Making them reproduce faster

46. .s.h.e.l.l.f.i.s.h. .h.a.r.v.e.s.t.i.n.g.
The methods of shellfish harvesting are:
[ dredging ] [ raking ] [ trapping ]

47. .s.h.e.l.l.f.i.s.h. .h.a.r.v.e.s.t.i.n.g. Dredging is …
Used for the commercial harvesting of scallops, clams, oysters & mussels
Consists of a metal rectangular frame to which a bag-shaped net of metal rings is attached
Raking bar, and is often equipped with metal teeth used to dig up the bottom

48. Used to harvest clams and seaweed
.s.h.e.l.l.f.i.s.h. .h.a.r.v.e.s.t.i.n.g.
Raking is …
Used to harvest clams and seaweed
Scratch rakes or clam rakes are like heavy garden rakes with longer, sharper teeth that are often curved upward toward the inside of the rake

49. Often designed specifically for one type of fish or shellfish
.s.h.e.l.l.f.i.s.h. .h.a.r.v.e.s.t.i.n.g.
Potting/Trapping is …
Often designed specifically for one type of fish or shellfish
Generally baited and equipped with one or more funnel openings, they are weighted to rest on the bottom

50. .b.i.o.s.p.h.e.r.e
Due to human activities or natural biotoxins  Shellfish contamination  pose a threat to human health and a threat to the other living organisms
Alteration in the food cycle
Loss of biodiversity
Loss of environmental indicator
Increase food production

51. Less shellfish  Contaminated water
.h.y.d.r.o.s.p.h.e.r.e
Less shellfish  Contaminated water
Since only the shellfish classed as bivalve mollusks feed by filtering the water that washes over the shellfish bed, when there is a decrease of mollusks due to commercial fishing, there is an increase of pollutants in the ocean.

52. .a.t.m.o.s.p.h.e.r.e Water becomes contaminated
Less shellfish in the ocean to filtrate the water
Water becomes contaminated
Temperature rises, evaporation takes place
Evaporates the contaminated and polluted water
We breathe in the polluted air

53. .l.i.t.h.o.s.p.h.e.r.e
Dredging destroys coral reefs  results in greater waves  more wave erosion on land

54. .p.o.s.s.i.b.l.e. .s.o.l.u.t.i.o.n.s. Size and bag limits
Closed seasons (the period during which removal of a resource is not allowed)
Size and bag limits
Direct discharges of raw sewage from moored or anchored boats and from shore-side residences

55. Population is high & demands for great quantity of fish
.p.o.o.r.l.y. .m.a.n.a.g.e.d.
In Florida, over-harvesting shellfish for the seafood industry alters the complex food web of the coral reef community. The destructive method of dredging for shellfish has destroyed the ‘once beautiful and colourful coral reef community.’
Why is this happening?
Population is high & demands for great quantity of fish
Overfishing
To make money
Carelessness, insensitivity & ignorance

56. A big thank you to these websites:
Shellfish Harvesting:

57. Just 20 more slides to go...

58. Haha, just joking.

59. Thank you, hope you have learned something!
We are OFFICIALLY,
FINALLY,
& COMPLETELY done.
DENNY
KRISTAL
Thank you, hope you have learned something!
LINDA
MAT