1. Fisheries and Fishing Techniques

2. What are fisheries? A fishing ground for commercial fishing

3. Where are most fisheries concentrated? Most fisheries are concentrated over the continental shelf, in neritic waters. There is high net primary productivity and biodiversity here.

4. Marine fisheries systems mainly exploit – shelves surrounding continents, to depth of 200 m – Deeper waters of tropical, temperate, polar areas. Here, fisheries dominant environmental change. – changes ecosystem biodiversity and functioning – habitat change from bottom trawling

5. What is maximum sustainable yield? The largest number of fish that can be harvested year after year without diminishing stocks (maintaining levels to carrying capacity of the ecosystem).

6. What is over exploitation? Over fishing or using a resource beyond its maximum sustainable yield.

7. Central Case: collapse of the cod fisheries No fish has more impact on human civilization than the Atlantic cod Eastern Canadians and U.S. fishermen have fished for cod for centuries Large ships and technology have destroyed the cod fishery Even protected stocks are not recovering – Prey may now be competing with, and eating, young cod

8. How have techniques changed? The Industrial Revolution saw the advent of – steam trawlers – diesel engines – hydraulic winches – inboard refrigeration – echo-sounders – access to real-time oceanographic data

9. How have techniques changed? Fishing boats can rapidly locate, catch and process large quantities of fish They can also land them in better condition from longer distances The entire world ocean is now accessible to fishing fleets

10. The total global fisheries catch has increased

11. What are some Industrialized fishing techniques? Factory fishing = highly industrialized, huge vessels use powerful technologies to capture fish in huge volumes – Even process and freeze their catches while at sea Driftnets for schools of herring, sardines, mackerel, sharks Longline fishing for tuna and swordfish Trawling for pelagic fish and groundfish

12. Purse-Seining

13. Purse-Seine target species? Yellowfin Tuna Porpoise bycatch (caught by accident and not needed=causalty

14. Pots, Traps and Creels

15. Small traps baited with fish which are set down on the seabed to catch crabs, lobsters and other seafloor life.

16. U.S. Commercial Fishery Methods

17. What is subsistence fishing? Fishing to support your family and yourself. Negatively impacted by industrialized fishing – Societal – Economic http://www.filmeducation.org/theendofthelin e/senegal.html http://www.filmeducation.org/theendofthelin e/senegal.html

18. 'The thing is we're too good right now. Technologically, not a single hunted animal on this earth has a chance.' Professor Jeffrey Hutchings

19. What is aquaculture? Humans rearing selected aquatic plants and animals for human consumption. Mariculture? = Marine aquaculture

20. What are some advantages and disadvantages of fish farming? advantages Reduces pressure on wild fisheries Disadvantages Mariculture is challenging due to physical and chemical components + larval stages and needs Can’t sustain human need for food Limited space http://www.filmeducation.org/theendoftheline/fish_farming.html

21. What is fishing down the food chain? >30% U.S. fish stocks are overexploited For >30% of the rest, insufficient information to determine status As one species becomes more rare, fishermen turn to smaller, once-discarded species: “fishing down the food web” – causes changes in age structure and genetics of populations

22. We are “fishing down the food chain”

23. What are the economic consequences in the U.S.? NW: – >72,000 jobs lost due to decreasing salmon populations – $500 million lost N Atlantic: – 20,000 jobs lost in 1990’s due to cod fishery collapse – $350 million lost

24. How do we preserve the ocean’s fisheries? Marine reserves Regulations http://www.filmeducation.org/theendofthelin e/marine_reserves.html http://www.filmeducation.org/theendofthelin e/marine_reserves.html

25. What is the Magnusen-Stevens Act of 1976? 200-mile EEZ Regional Fishery Management Councils (RFMC’s) Incentives for U.S. fishermen to upgrade vessels Scientific and Statistical Committees (SSC) to provide information for managers, but RFMC’s not required to follow their advice: overfishing and slow recovery of overfished stocks

26. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Countries have the rights to manage and extract resources from an area 200 nautical miles off the coast of its land Will include the continental shelf if it extends beyond 200 nautical miles. Can overlap, leading to dispute! Cod Wars UK and Iceland Areas outside of the EEZ are fair game for countries to fish

27. Continued… Notes continued on Pollution