1. Table of Contents Chapter Preview 11.1 Biomes 11.2 Aquatic Ecosystems
11.3 Forests and Fisheries
11.4 Biodiversity

2. Chapter Preview Questions
1. An organism obtains food, water, shelter, and other things it needs to live, grow, and reproduce from
a. producers.
b. the atmosphere.
c. abiotic factors.
d. its environment.

3. Chapter Preview Questions
1. An organism obtains food, water, shelter, and other things it needs to live, grow, and reproduce from
a. producers.
b. the atmosphere.
c. abiotic factors.
d. its environment.

4. Chapter Preview Questions
2. The living parts of an organism’s habitat are called
a. herbivores.
b. biotic factors.
c. predators.
d. ecosystems.

5. Chapter Preview Questions
2. The living parts of an organism’s habitat are called
a. herbivores.
b. biotic factors.
c. predators.
d. ecosystems.

6. Chapter Preview Questions
3. Abiotic factors of an organism’s habitat include
a. oxygen and predators.
b. sunlight and producers.
c. oxygen and food.
d. water and oxygen.

7. Chapter Preview Questions
3. Abiotic factors of an organism’s habitat include
a. oxygen and predators.
b. sunlight and producers.
c. oxygen and food.
d. water and oxygen.

8. Chapter Preview Questions
4. The smallest level of organization in an ecosystem is a
a. single organism.
b. species.
c. cell.
d. consumer.

9. Chapter Preview Questions
4. The smallest level of organization in an ecosystem is a
a. single organism.
b. species.
c. cell.
d. consumer.

10. What defines the ecological roles and adaptations of the
organisms found in different biomes?
Study the two photographs below. The plant on the left grows in South Africa. The plant on the right grows in Australia. How are the two plants similar? How are they different? Based on the characteristics of the plants, predict the kind of environment in which each one grows.

11. High-Use Academic Words
Definition
Example Sentence
The sun is our main source of energy.
source
n. The beginning; the origin

12. High-Use Academic Words
Definition
Example Sentence
Coal and oil are resources that we depend on.
n. A material or living thing
that people can use
resource

13. High-Use Academic Words
Definition
Example Sentence
Food and water are
necessary to sustain humans.
sustain
v. To keep up; to maintain

14. High-Use Academic Words
Definition
Example Sentence
Each type of bird is distinct.
distinct
adj. Different; not the same

15. Apply It!
Choose the word from the table that best completes the sentence.
1. Forests are a natural
resource
2. Trees in the rain forest form several layers.
distinct
3. We can our forests by planting new trees to replace those
that we cut down.
sustain
4. Insects are a of food for reptiles, birds, and mammals.
source

16. End of Chapter Preview

17. Warm-Up
If deserts and tundras receive similar amounts of rainfall, why are these two biomes so different?

18. What are the six major biomes on Earth and briefly describe one?
Warm-Up
What are the six major biomes on Earth and briefly describe one?

19. Warm-Up
List two ways in which the three forest biomes (rain forests, deciduous forests, and boreal forests) are alike? List two ways in which they are different?

20. Section 1: Biomes
What factors determine the type of biome found in an area?
What are the six major biomes?

21. Desert Biomes
Organisms that live in a desert biome must be adapted to the lack of rain and extreme temperatures.

22. Rain Forest Biomes
Tropical rain forests contain many species of plants and animals. Temperate rain forests have a moist, mild climate.

23. Grassland Biomes
A grassland is an area that is populated mostly by grasses and other non-woody plants.

24. Deciduous Forest Biomes
Many of the trees in the deciduous forest are deciduous trees, which shed their leaves and grow new ones each year. A deciduous forest receives at least 50 centimeters of precipitation each year. Temperatures vary greatly through the year.

25. Boreal Forest Biomes
Most of the trees in the boreal forest are coniferous trees, trees that produce their seeds in cones and have leaves shaped like needles. Winters in the boreal forest are cold and very snowy, but summers are warm and rainy enough to melt all the snow.

26. Tundra
The tundra is an extremely cold and dry biome. Most of the soil in the tundra is permafrost, which is frozen all year.

27. Mountains and Ice
Some areas of land are not part of any major biome. These areas include mountain ranges and land that is covered with thick sheets of ice.

28. Earth’s Biomes Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about Earth’s biomes.

29. Climate Differences on Mountains
As you move up a tall mountain, you pass through as series of climate zones. Each zone has a different community of plants.

30. End of Section: Biomes

31. Why is sunlight important in aquatic ecosystem?
Warm-Up
Why is sunlight important in aquatic ecosystem?

32. Warm-Up
Which zone probably has the greatest variety of living things? How is variety related to water depth?

33. Warm-Up
A great blue whale is a filter feeder that eats mostly plankton. Is a blue whale a primary consumer, a secondary consumer, or a top-level consumer? Explain.

34. Section 2: Aquatic Ecosystems
What abiotic factors influence aquatic ecosystems?
What are the major types of aquatic ecosystems?
What are the ecological roles of organisms in aquatic food webs?

35. Freshwater Ecosystems
Streams
Animals must adapt to currents
Fish have streamline bodies
Insects have hooks or suckers to cling to rocks
Few plants can grow here, consumers rely on fallen tree leaves or seeds for food
Rivers
Currents are slower, warmer, and have less oxygen
Plants take root, provide food & habitats

36. Freshwater Ecosystems
Ponds & Lakes
Water is standing or still
Lakes usually larger & deeper
Ponds get more sunlight throughout, grow more plants
Algae major producer
Dragonflies, turtles, snails, & frogs biotic inhabitants
Sunfish live near water surface & feed on insects & algae
Catfish live near bottom
Bacteria & other decomposers feed on organism remains

37. Marine Ecosystems
The ocean is home to a number of different ecosystems. Factors such as water temperature and the amount of sunlight determine what types of organisms can live in each zone.

38. Marine Ecosystems
The ocean is home to a number of different ecosystems. Factors such as water temperature and the amount of sunlight determine what types of organisms can live in each zone.

39. Ocean Food Web
This ocean food web includes typical organisms found in the Arctic Ocean. The arrows indicate what each organism eats.

40. Ocean Food Web Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the ocean food web.

41. Links on Aquatic Ecosystems
Click the SciLinks button for links on aquatic ecosystems.

42. End of Section: Aquatic Ecosystems

43. Why are forests considered renewable resources?
Warm-Up
Why are forests considered renewable resources?

44. Warm-Up
How does the clear-cutting logging method differ from selective cutting?

45. Warm-Up
How can people manage fisheries for a sustainable yield?

46. Section 3: Forests and Fisheries
How can forests be managed as renewable resources?
How can fisheries be managed for a sustainable yield?

47. Managing Forests
Clear-cutting involves cutting down all the trees in an area at once. Selective cutting involves cutting down only some trees.

48. Managing Fisheries Fishing Limits
Laws that ban certain fishing, limit the number of fish or size to be caught
Laws or regulations help young fish populations regain healthy numbers
Fishing Methods
Laws or regulations tell fishing crews to use nets with larger mesh sizes to allow smaller fish to remain free & grow
Outlaw poising fish with cyanide & using explosives to stun fish

49. Logging Methods Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about logging methods.

50. End of Section: Forests and Fisheries

51. Warm-Up ?

52. Section 4: Biodiversity
In what ways is biodiversity valuable?
What factors affect an area’s biodiversity?
Which human activities threaten biodiversity?
How can biodiversity be protected?

53. Biodiversity
Click to play video

54. Diversity of Species
More than 1.5 million species have been identified so far. People value wildlife and ecosystems for their beauty and as a source of recreation. In addition, biodiversity has both economic value and ecological within an ecosystem.

55. Factors Affecting Biodiversity
Factors that affect biodiversity in an ecosystem include area, climate, and diversity of niches.

56. California Peregrine Falcon Recovery
The peregrine falcon, the world’s fastest bird of prey, was nearly extinct in the United States in The pesticide DDT was weakening peregrine eggshells, so eggs rarely hatched. In 1972, the United States banned DDT. Use the graph to answer questions about the peregrine population in California.

57. California Peregrine Falcon Recovery
Reading Graphs:
What variable is plotted on the x-axis? What variable is plotted on the y-axis?
Time interval in years is on the x-axis. Number of breeding pairs of peregrine falcons is on the y-axis.

58. California Peregrine Falcon Recovery
Interpreting Data:
How did California’s peregrine population change from 1976 to 1998?
The population grew steadily, except for a brief drop around 1980, until 1994, when the number of breeding pairs remained the same for the four following years.

59. California Peregrine Falcon Recovery
Inferring:
Why do you think the peregrine population grew fairly slowly at first?
There were only a few breeding pairs at first, and they could produce only a few young. These, in turn, had to grow up before they had a chance to breed. As more pairs grew to breeding age, more and more young could be produced.

60. California Peregrine Falcon Recovery
Predicting:
What might this graph have looked like if DDT had not been banned?
The graph probably would have sloped downward from left to right, possibly reaching zero breeding pairs.

61. Click the Planet Diary button for an activity about biodiversity.
More on Biodiversity
Click the Planet Diary button for an activity about biodiversity.

62. Build
Your
Vocabulary

63. End of Section: Biodiversity

64. QuickTake Quiz
Click to start quiz.