1. Chapter Ten Violent Crimes
Criminology 9th edition
Larry J. Siegel
© 2003 Wadsworth Publishing Co.

2. The kind of violence that is designed to vent rage, anger,
Two Kinds of Violence
INSTRUMENTAL The kind of violence that is directed toward strangers and is designed to improve the financial or social position of the criminal.
EXPRESSIVE
The kind of violence that is designed to vent rage, anger,
or frustration.

3. Roots of Violence Human instincts Substance abuse Ineffective families
Regional values
Cultural values
Personal traits
Roots of Violence
Firearm availability
Ganging
Abused children
Social movements
Exposure to violence
National values

4. INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING TYPES OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR:
Rape
Assault
Murder
Robbery
Hate Crimes
Workplace Violence
Terrorism

5. The Subculture of Violence
The subculture’s norms are separate from society’s central, dominant value system.
A potent theme of violence influences lifestyles, the socialization process, and interpersonal relationships.

6. Question Is there a “subculture of violence” in Miami? If so,
How would you describe its
environment and values?

7. Characteristics of Victims of Violent Crime

8. Victims and Attribution Theory
Generally, when considering someone else’s actions, especially behavior that has negative consequences – we are inclined to believe that others are disposed to act the way they do.
In other words, we tend to put the onus
for bad outcomes on the person
rather than the environment.
Key Term: Blaming the Victim.

9. Battered Women The battered woman syndrome is defined
as a collection of symptoms and reactions by a woman to a pattern of continued
physical and psychological abuse
inflicted on her by her mate.
These symptoms include:
Learned helplessness
Lowered self-esteem - trapped
Impaired functioning – restricted activities
Diminished alternatives
Anger or rage- hypervigilant

10. Characteristics of Batterers:
Battered Women
Characteristics of Batterers:
Lower socioeconomic status.
History of family abuse either as a child or between parents.
Early experiences with substance abuse.
Early experience with coercive or aggressive behavior.
Fear of being abandoned by their parents.

11. Battered Women Characteristics of Batterers (cont’d)
Poor self-concepts, inferior verbal skills, inferior problem solvers.
Excessive control.
Extreme jealousy.
Overreact to signs of rejection.
Behavior ranges from rage to desperation toward their partner.

12. The Effects of Physical-Sexual Abuse of Children
Short term effects include: mood and anxiety disorders among children; inappropriate sexual behavior; and, impaired school performance.
Long term effects include: a greater risk of developing mental disorders; suffering subsequent re-victimization experiences; and engaging in criminal conduct as adults.

13. Risk Factors of Abusive Parents
Less knowledge of child development.
Unrealistic expectations of child development.
Easily annoyed.
Aggressive means of resolving conflict.
Limited access to social support.
Disagreement with partner on child rearing.

14. Rape / Sexual Assault Sexual assault is non-consenting
sexual contact, i.e., intercourse,
that is obtained by using
force or coercion against the victim.

15. Forcible Rape
Rape is a violent, coercive act of aggression against women and not a forceful expression of sexuality.
Rape may not be reported to the police in as many as 2/3 of all cases.

16. Types of Rape Gang vs. Individual Rape Date Rape Serial Rape
Marital Rape
Acquaintance Rape
Statutory Rape

17. Causes of Rape Evolutionary and Biological Factors Male Socialization
Hypermasculinity
Psychological Abnormalities
Social Learning
Sexual Motivation

18. Other Causal Factors of Rapists
Victim-Offender Relationships
Aggression
Heightened sexual arousal during aggressive state
Antisocial personality disorder
Deviant sexual fantasies
Attitudes justify aggressiveness
Loss of control of emotions such as anger that are acted out in sexual aggression.
Feminist theory (male domination and exploitation), social-learning theory (observation and imitation), and evolutionary theory (testosterone).

19. Rape Trauma Syndrome 3 types of reactions
Emotional responses: fear, guilt, shame, blame themselves, loss of autonomy, loss of trust, and loss of control.
Disturbance in functioning: sleep, appetite, and social withdrawal.
Changes in lifestyle: socioeconomic impact, i.e., losing income, divorce, becoming unemployed

20. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
PTSD may occur when individuals suffer a severe trauma and,
weeks or months later, continue to experience intense,
fear-related reactions when reminded of the trauma.
Symptoms Include:
Frequent re-experiencing
Persistent avoidance of stimuli
Increased physiological arousal, i.e, startle responses or disrupted sleeping
Retreatism – the world is a dangerous place
Feeling of helplessness to deal with stressors

21. Question Why are women who have been sexually assaulted in the past or
who were sexually abused as children,
more likely to suffer
a subsequent sexual attack?

22. Groth’s Typology of Rapists
Anger rape occurs when sexuality becomes a means of expressing and discharging pent-up anger and rage.
The sadistic rape involves both sexuality and aggression. Ritualism, torment and torture often occur. Intensely exciting to the sadist.Victims have a characteristic rapist wants to harm or destroy.
A power rape involves an attacker who does not want to harm his victim as much as he wants to possess her sexually.

23. Invasion of women’s privacy when the case is tried in court
Rape and the Law
Challenges
for the
Prosecution
The culture of suspiciousness of women and a shift in the burden of proof
Invasion of women’s privacy when
the case is tried in court

24. RAPE REFORM Shield laws, i.e., Michigan v. Lucas (1991).
“Crimes of sexual assault” – a gender-neutral definition now applied to federal and some state statutes.
Changing the language from use of force to threat of force.
Prosecutor’s still influenced by the circumstances of the crime.
Perception’s of the victim’s character is still a critical factor when determining “real” rape and who are “real” rape victims.

25. Murder
Common law defines murder as “the unlawful killing of a human being with malice aforethought.”
Murderer and the victim may be influenced by relationships and interpersonal interactions, i.e., spousal, personal, and student relations.
Strangers?

26. Extent of Murder Rate doubled from mid 60s to late 90s Began rising in
Since then the
rate has
declined
Began rising in
late 1980s &
early 1990s to
9.8/100,00
in 1991
Extent of Murder
Peaked in 1980
at 10.2 per
100,000
then declined

27. MURDER PATTERNS Most victims knew or were acquainted with attacker
Most involved firearms (70%); majority handguns
MURDER PATTERNS
Females more likely to be killed by boyfriend or husband
Environmental patterns are similar to rapes

28. Types of Murders
Thrill killing - impulsive violence motivated as an act of daring or recklessness.
Gang killing - violence is part of the group activity.
Cult killing - occur when members of religious cults are ordered to kill by their leaders.
Serial murder - murders who perpetrate over a period of time.
Mass murder - multiple victims during a single, violent outburst.

29. Mass Murder
The mass murderer kills four or more victims in one location during a period of time that lasts anywhere from a few minutes to several hours (Wrightsman).
A special type of mass murderer is the spree killer. The spree killer kills victims at two or more different locations with no “cooling-off” interval between the murders. The killing constitutes a single event (Wrightsman).

30. Typology of Mass Murders
Profit
killers
Revenge
killers
Lover
killers
Terrorist
killers

31. There is no single distinct type of serial killer.
Serial Killers
Serial murderers kill four or more victims, each on separate occasions. Serial killers usually select a certain type of victim who fulfills a role in the killer’s fantasies (Wrightsman).
There is no single distinct type of serial killer.
Subtypes include: the visionary, the mission-oriented, the hedonistic, the power-oriented (Holmes).

32. Serial Killers Hedonistic killer Mission-oriented killers
Killers motivated to rid the world of a
particular type of undesirable person,
such as a prostitute.
Hedonistic killer
Thrill-seeking murders who get
their excitement and sometimes
sexual pleasure from
their acts.
Power /
control oriented killers
Murders that enjoy having
complete control over
their victims.
VISIONARY KILLERS
Response to some inner voice or vision
that demands that some person or
category of persons be killed.

33. Assault
Patterns are quite similar to murder except the victim survives.
The NCVS indicates that only about 57 percent of all serious assaults are reported to the police.
Typical offender is young, male, and white; although African Americans are disproportionate offenders’ compared to their representation in the population (34%).

34. Extent of Assault
In 2000, the rate for assault was about 324 per 100,000 and is in decline
Down 17% from 1996
And down 25% from 1991

35. Assault in the Home Sexual abuse Child abuse Spousal abuse
Elderly abuse

36. Robbery
Common law defines robbery as “the taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody or control of a person by force or threat of force or violence and/or by putting the person in fear.”
Typical offender are disproportionately young, male minority group members.

37. Conklin’s Typology of Robbers
PROFESSIONAL
OPPORTUNIST
ADDICT
ALCOLOLIC

38. Hate Crimes or Bias Crimes
Violent acts directed toward a particular person
or members of a group
merely because the targets share a discernible
racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic.

39. Typology of Hate Crimes
THRILL-SEEKING
MISSION
REACTIVE

40. Factors That Produce Hate Crime
Poor or uncertain economic conditions.
Racial stereotypes in films and T.V.
Hate-filled discourse on talk shows or in political advertisements.
Use of racial code language such as “welfare mothers” and “inner city thugs.”
An individual’s personal experiences with members of particular minority groups.
“Scapegoating,” which is blaming of a minority group for the misfortunes of society as a whole.

41. Bias-Motivated Offenses
Race (60%)
Religion (14%)
Sexual orientation (13%)
Ethnicity (11%)
Disability (1%)
Multiple Bias (1%)
60%
30%
10%

42. Question Is hate a more heinous motivation than revenge? If so,
Should hate crimes be punished more severely
than crimes motivated by revenge?

43. Workplace Violence
Third leading cause of occupational injury or death.
The most common type of victimization is assault.
Retail sales workers are at the greatest risk.
Causal factors: economic structuring (layoffs), leadership styles, sexual harassment, and poor service.

44. Political Crime and Terrorism
Political crime is an act that carries with it the intent to disrupt and change the government and must not merely be a simple common law crime committed for reasons of greed or egotism. These are sometimes referred to as convictional criminals – those who believe their actions will benefit society.
Terrorism generally involves the premeditated illegal use of force (violence) against innocent people to achieve a political objective or to commit a political crime.
Terrorism can also include economic or social reform efforts.

45. Characteristics of Terrorism
Political in aims and motives.
Exploitation of fear (terror) through violence or the threat of violence.
Psychological effects (fear through intimidation).
Perpetrated by some organizational entity with an identifiable chain of command capable of conspiratorial conduct.
Perpetrated by a subnational group or non-state entity.

46. Characteristics of Terrorism (cont’d)
Designed to create power when there is no power.
To terrorists, there are no rules of warfare or codes of conduct.
The goal is that through the publicity generated from their violence, terrorists will have the leverage to effect political change.

47. Forms of Terrorism Revolutionary Political Nationalistic Cause Based
State-Sponsored
Environmental
Nuclear

48. What Motivates Terrorism?
Emotional individuals who act out their psychosis.
Ideological prompted behavior.
Feelings of alienation and failure to comprehend post-technological society.