1. Pregnancy & Terminology

3. Signs of Pregnancy Missed menstrual period
Excessive tenderness in her breasts
Fatigue
Change in appetite
Morning Sickness
May have spotting or light, irregular menstrual flow

4. Am I Pregnant?
Urine Test: This is a quick simple test that test for the hormone HCG within the females urine. HCG is released by a women when the egg attaches to the lining of the Uterus. HCG is only released when a female is pregnant. (EPT = Early Pregnancy Test)
Blood Test: This test also detects HCG, but you must go to a doctor and have blood drawn. Most people get the blood test after they tested positive for the urine test.

5. MEDICAL SPECIALIST
OBSTETRICIAN: DOCTOR WHO SPECIALIZES IN CARE OF A PREGNANT WOMEN AND THE DEVELOPING FETUS
GYNECOLOGIST: DOCTOR WHO SPECIALIZES IN CARE OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

6. PREGNANCY TERM
Pregnancy is based on 40 weeks of development. 10 months in total.
1st month we DO NOT count due to the fact of not knowing
Broken down into three sections called trimesters

7. Define Uterus
Is a muscular organ that receives and supports the fertilized ovum during pregnancy and contracts during childbirth to help with delivery.

8. Where does fertilization occur?
What is Fertilization?
Where does fertilization occur?
Is joining of an egg cell and a sperm cell.
Fallopian tube
The process begins when an egg is released from one of the woman’s ovaries and enters the fallopian tube. The egg remains in the fallopian tube for hrs. in order for fertilization to take place.

9. Define Ovum Also know as the egg cell
The egg cell; If fertilization occurs the egg will become an embryo.

10. Define Zygote:
The cell produced when a sperm fertilizes an egg; contains genetic material that forms the baby.

11. Define Blastocyst:
A thin-walled hollow structure in early embryonic development that contains a cluster of cells called the inner cell mass from which the embryo arises. The outer layer of cells gives rise to the placenta and other supporting tissues needed for fetal development within the uterus while the inner cell mass cells gives rise to the tissues of the body.

12. What is an embryo?
Is a developing baby through the second month of growth after conception
The rapidly dividing mass of cells inside the women’s uterus.

13. Fetus
Is a developing baby from the ninth week after conception until birth.
It’s the name given to the embryo from the third month on.

14. Think, Pair, Share
Write down what you believe is the purpose of the placenta
Discuss it with the person sitting to the right of you

15. Placenta Supplies fetus with oxygen Supplies fetus with nutrients
Passes out wastes from the fetus

16. Umbilical Chord Define Umbilical Chord?
What 3 vessels are contained in the chord?
A rope like structure that connects the embryo to the placenta.
1 Large vein
2 arteries

17. Think, Pair, Share
Write down what you believe is the purpose of the amniotic sac is.
Discuss it with the person sitting to the in front of you

18. What is the amniotic sac used for?
Temperature Control
Protection from shock
Barrier to infection

19. Think, Pair, Share
Pick up your folder but do not take your notes out yet!!
Discuss with your partner what you believe are some signs of pregnancy

20. Two types of insemination
Artificial Insemination:
Procedure when sperm is injected into the female with a syringe
In-vitro Fertilization:
Procedure that involves removing a living egg from a female, inseminating the egg with a donor sperm and returning the fertilized egg back into the woman

21. Why is prenatal care important to the mother and the baby?
If baby doesn’t receive proper nutrition it may cause premature birth.
A female should not drink alcohol when pregnant. This can cause Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, which is the presence of severe birth defects.
Females should not smoke or inhale smoke. This can cause smaller babies and unhealthy babies.

22. Why is diet and exercise important to the mother and the baby?
It increases the chances of a healthy baby.
Increases the chances of having a proper birth weight for the baby.
Keeps the mother healthy during pregnancy. Also helps the mother lose the weight faster after pregnancy.
Decrease chances of birth defects

23. Types of tests to check for abnormalities of the fetus
Ultrasound:
Test using sound waves to depict an image of the developing fetus. Usually performed at 10 weeks and on.
Harmony:
Harmony is more accurate than traditional Down syndrome blood tests and much less likely to give a false-positive result. That means there will be much less chance your doctor would recommend follow-up testing, such as amniocentesis.
Harmony also tests for two other genetic conditions, trisomy 18 (Edward syndrome) and trisomy.
In addition, with Harmony you have the option
to evaluate X and Y sex chromosomes.

24. Types of tests to check for abnormalities of the fetus
Amniocentesis test:
Checks for chromosomal abnormalities
Spina bifida, down syndrome, hemophilia, tay- sachs, sickle cell anemia
Chronic villus sampling test (CVS test):
Done during early pregnancy
A biopsy is taken of the villi in the placenta.
Sickle cell anemia, hemophilia

25. Think, Pair, Share
After hearing how important it is to be healthy during pregnancy, please write down how you believe both male and female can incorporate a healthy lifestyle.
Ex: I believe they should wake up and go for a walk or jog each day before work, and then have a smoothie that is high in fiber.

26. Stages of pregnancy
First trimester (Months 1-3) (Initial development and rapid growth):
At the end of the first month, the embryo has a heartbeat, a two-lobed brain, and a spinal cord.
By the end of the second month, the embryo is recognizable as a human and is called a fetus. After two months, the fetus has started to form arms and legs as well as fingers, ears, and toes. The fetus can be visibly identifies as a male or female. By the end of the first trimester, the heart has four chambers.

27. Stages of pregnancy
Second trimester (Months 4-6) (Fetus Continues to form):
By the end of the fourth month, fingernails, toenails, eyebrows, and eyelashes have developed. Teeth begin to form, lips appear, and head hair may begin to grow. Movement of the fetus can be felt by the mother. The fetus can bend its arms and make a fist. During the fifth month, the heartbeat can be detected by a stethoscope.
By the end of the sixth month vernix (keeps body from dehydrating and skin from getting wrinkled) appear on baby.

28. Stages of pregnancy Third trimester (Months 7-9) (Growth):
By the seventh month lanugo (fine hair grown to insulate the fetus) appears on the baby.
By the eighth months fetus growth slows down and moves into a head-down position.
By the ninth month the fetus is full term. Skin is smooth and waxy looking. The eyes are usually gray. Languo drops off.

29. Signs of Labor: The Show
The mucous plug in the cervix, which acts as a seal during pregnancy, is passed as a blood stained or brownish discharge.
Contractions:
Coordinated muscular contractions are generated in the upper part of the uterus, the fundus. This helps to gradually open, or dilate, the cervix.
Water breaks:
The amniotic sac (membrane) around the baby ruptures, or breaks, allowing colorless amniotic fluid to pass out through the birth canal.

30. Stages of Labor Dilation of cervix: Longest stage of labor.
Cervical opening enlarges eight to ten centimeters, which is wide enough for the baby to move through.

31. Stages of labor Delivery of the baby:
Begins when cervix is completely dilated.
The baby moves farther down the birth canal, usually head first. The mother pushes, and the muscles in the uterus contract to push the baby out.
Baby’s head will be visible, which is called crowning.
Ends with the delivery of the baby.

32. Stages of labor Delivery of the Placenta:
Expulsion of the afterbirth, which is the placenta that is expelled after delivery. If this does not occur naturally the physician removes it.

33. Explain the difference between:
Signs of Labor
Stages of Labor

34. Crowning:
The appearance of the baby’s head during delivery.

35. Multiple Births Fraternal Twins Identical Twins
Are twins that develop from a single ovum fertilized by a single sperm that divides after fertilization to form two zygotes
Have same chromosomes
Always will be the same sex
They share the same placenta but have separate amniotic sacs and umbilical cords
Are twins that develop from two separate ova that are fertilized by two different sperm.
Have different chromosomes
Can be same sex or opposite sex
They develop in separate amniotic sacs and have separate umbilical cords and placentas

36. Types of birth Natural birth: Induced labor: Breech birth
Delivery of a baby without using drugs or surgery during birth.
Induced labor:
The stimulation of uterine contractions before they occur spontaneously.
Breech birth
When baby delivered either foot first or buttocks first.

37. Types of Birth Inducing labor: Cesarean Section (C-Section): Epidural:
Medication given or water sac broken by plastic hook (amnio-hook)
Cesarean Section (C-Section):
A form of childbirth in which a surgical incision is made through a mother's abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more babies.
Epidural:
A shot administered in the woman’s lower back to aid in pain relief.

38. Types of Birth Continued
Episiotomy:
An incision between the vagina and anus (perineum) help with crowning of the baby, to prevent muscles from tearing
Vacuum extraction:
assist mother if she becomes too tired, cup on baby’s head with slight suction
Forceps:
guide baby’s head out of birth canal

39. Think, Pair, Share Discuss with the person sitting behind you.
Which type of birth option do you believe you would like to have if given an option.
Do you believe it is important to have the same opinion as your spouse? Why

40. LAMAZE
BREATHING METHODS USED DURING THE DELIVERY PROCESS TO REDIRECT THE FOCUS FROM THE PAIN.

41. Birthing Options Hospital Home Birth Water Birth
Safest and quickest method of delivery to receive immediate medical treatment
Home Birth
Comfort of delivery at own home, medical assistance is still needed
Water Birth
Is for women with “low risk” pregnancies, drug free births and minimal intervention

42. Birthing options Midwife Birth Center Are certified house nurses
The birth can take place at multiple different locations including a hospital, home or center
Birth Center
Birth centers are for women who want a certain comfort zone and few people around

43. Birthing Positions:
Occiput Posterior: (Most common) Head down, chest facing front of the mother.
Occiput Anterior: Head down, baby’s back facing front of mother.
Left Occiput Transverse: Head down, baby’s facing left hip.
Right Occiput Transverse: Head down, baby’s facing right hip.

44. APGAR SCALE IS AN ASSESSMENT TEST ON A SCALE OF 1- 10
PERFORMED BY A PEDIATRICIAN
7 OR HIGHER INDICATES BABY IN GOOD CONDITION
4 TO 6 BABY MAY NEED ASSISTANCE
UNDER A 4 BABY MAY NEED LIFE SAVING TECHNIQUES

45. Think, Share
Do you believe that a person should have an option if using different types of insemination in order to get pregnant? Why

46. Think, Share
Do you agree with test to check for abnormalities of the fetus? Why.

47. Types of disabilities Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS):
Caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy. May cause:
Down Syndrome
Low birth weight
Small head
Abnormal facial features
Abnormalities in the heart
Mental retardation

48. IS ALCOHOL WORTH IT!!

49. Premature Birth
Is a birth before the 38th week of gestation.

50. Causes of Premature Birth
Premature birth can be caused by any number of factors such as high blood pressure or poor nutrition.
Abnormalities of uterus or cervix
Heavy smoking
Drug use
Generally poor health

51. Miscarriage
A miscarriage is the loss of a fetus before the 20th week of pregnancy. The medical term for a miscarriage is spontaneous abortion, but the condition is not an abortion in the common definition of the term.
50% of pregnancy ends in miscarriage, but usually before a women misses her menstrual period.
15% of recognized pregnancies end in a miscarriage.

52. Symptoms of a Miscarriage
Bleeding which progresses from light to heavy
Severe cramps
Abdominal pain
Fever
Weakness
Back pain

53. What causes a Miscarriage?
Causes are not well known
1st trimester causes are usually due to chromosomal abnormalities in the baby, but have nothing to do with mother of father.
Infection, exposure to environmental hazards, hormonal problems, uterine abnormalities, incompetent cervix, lifestyle factors (smoking, drinking, drugs, Disorder of the immune system (lupus), Severe kidney disease, Diabetes, Congenital heart disease, thyroid disease, Certain medications (Acne drugs Accutane), Severe malnutrition.
Age also: Women in 20’s is 12-15% chance: Women at age 40 is 25%.

54. Stillbirth
Stillbirth is the death of a baby during pregnancy after 20 weeks of gestation but before delivery.
Stillbirth occurs in 1 out of every 200 pregnancies
A doctor will usually have to give a woman medicine to start labor by giving her a C-section.

55. Causes of Stillbirth High Blood pressure Diabetes
Blood-clotting problem
Infection of mother or fetus
Placental abruption (Tearing away from uterus to soon)
Umbilical cord twisting, which can cut off oxygen to fetus
Fetus may have a birth defect or slowed growth development

56. Types of disabilities continued
Down Syndrome:
Environment and genetics
Extra 21st chromosome
Cleft lip/palate:
Two sides of upper lip do not grow together properly.
Club foot:
One or both feet twisted (present at birth)

57. Types of disabilities continued
Cystic fibrosis:
Genetics
Thick mucus interferes with breathing, blocks lungs, and causes coughing.
Diabetes:
Environment and genetics
Extreme thirst and increased appetite.
Caused by obesity and is predicted that every 1 out of 3 children will be born with type two diabetes

58. Types of disabilities continued
Hemophilia:
Usually genetic
Blood does not clot properly
Sickle cell Anemia:
Genetics
Red blood cells are sickle-shaped instead of round-shaped. Severe Anemia

59. Types of disabilities continued
Spina Bifida:
Caused by environment and genetics
Spinal cord forms outside of spinal column
Problems range from loss of bowel and bladder control to paralysis and mental retardation
Tay-Sachs:
Genetics
Nervous system disorder
Baby will have poor psychomotor development, weakness and sluggishness. Eventually blindness, paralysis, mental retardation and seizures occur. Death usually takes place by five years of age