1. World History: WWI to Modern Day

2. Roots of WWI World War I Nationalism- loyalty to one’s country
“The Great War”
Nationalism- loyalty to one’s country
The Balkans
Ethnic groups launching revolutions against the Ottoman Empire
Some annexed by Austria-Hungary
Poland v. Russia
Ireland v. Britain

3. Roots of WWI Militarism Alliances
Countries began building up their militaries to intimidate others
Alliances
Agreements between nations to help each other in case of war

4. The War Begins
June 28, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, heir to Austria-Hungary, was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist
Austria-Hungarian/German alliance
Serbian/Russian alliance
Triple Entente
Great Britain, France, Russia
Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

6. The War Front Weapons Stalemate develops Trench warfare Machine guns
Poison gasses
Tanks and airplanes
Stalemate develops
Trench warfare
Dirty ditches
“no man’s land” in between

8. The End and Aftermath 1917- the US enters the war
1918- the war ends when Germany is defeated
20 million Europeans dead
President Wilson wanted peace but the allies wanted to punish Germany
Treaty of Versailles
Forced Germany to accept blame
Germany to pay reparations ($)
Hapsburg Dynasty (ruling European family) fell
Ottoman Empire- no longer existed

9. The Aftermath Allies redrew national borders to benefit themselves
New countries created causing conflict
Promised independence to Arab nations but went back on their word
Mandate system
Germans left resentful
Laid the path for WWII

11. League of Nations President Wilson proposed it
Was meant to provide a place where countries could peacefully discuss solutions
Many countries joined but no the USA
Could not enforce anything

12. Russian Revolution
Czar Nicholas II- lead Russia in WWI but was overthrown in 1917
Lenin
Marxist/Communist
Bolsheviks- socialist party
Gained control of the Russian government
Western nations sided with the non-communist
Soviet Union= Communist Russia

13. Joseph Stalin Became communist dictator of Russia Five Year Plan Purge
Sought to increase industrialization in the USSR
State owned farms and starvation
Purge
Stalin eliminated those he saw as a threat; some killed some sent to prisons
Murdered millions of his own people

15. Effects of the Revolution
End of the Romanov Dynasty transferring power to the lower classes
Urbanization and technology
Mistrust between the Russia and the west
Later led to the Cold War after WWII

16. Totalitarian v. Authoritarian Governments
Democracy does not exist in either
Authoritarian
Only interested in political power
Conservatives who want to preserve traditional way of life
Expects people to accept government policies and carry on with their lives
Totalitarian
Government seeks to control politics, economy, culture, and social life
Terror and fear used to force citizens

17. Italy Fascism Benito Mussolini
Nationalistic movement that is anti-democratic and anti-communist
Rules by intimidation
Benito Mussolini
Used violence to settle unrest
Became dictator of Italy after gaining support from the middle class
Repressive government

18. Adolf Hitler Took control of Germany with the Nazi Party
Rose in power through Nationalism and promised of rebuilding
“Third Reich”
Began militarily expanding
Empire building
Appeasement
Anti-Semitism-hatred of the Jewish people
“Final Solution”-called for the total elimination of the Jewish people
The Holocaust

20. Japan Emperor Hirohito Hideki Tojo
Did not have complete control of Japanese government
Militarily controlled
Hideki Tojo
Japan’s premier and led Japan through WWII

21. Leading to War
Hitler’s invasion on the Rhineland, Austria, and the Sudetenland
Japan expanding in the Pacific and into China
Axis Powers
Germany
Italy
Japan

22. WWII Hitler invades Poland Britain and France enter the war
Hitler takes over France
Battle of Britain
Thousands of German planes bomb Britain
Winston Churchill- British prime minister
Britain holds on

24. US Involvement
US had remain neutral until December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor
US declares war
Allies
United States
Britain
Soviet Union/Russia
Hitler invades Soviet Union

26. Strategy
Stalin wanted US and Britain to open the western front of Europe to help him out
Churchill and Roosevelt decided to attack Germany in Africa, Italy, and then the Western European Front
Tehran Conference
Allies agree to invade Europe
D-day
Significance: Paved way for Western European invasion that would end the war
France is won back

27. Yalta Conference “Big Three” Roosevelt/Truman (US) Churchill (Britain)
Stalin (USSR)
Yalta Conference
After German defeat USSR would help with Japan
Eastern European countries to get elections
USSR gets land in Poland and some in China
USSR gets most reparations because they were the hardest hit
Germany divided into four zones after the war (US, Britain, France, USSR)
Significance: Laid out post-WWII Europe between the west and the communist

28. Potsdam Conference War in Europe ended May 1945 Potsdam
Truman meets with Stalin and Churchill
Unconditional Surrender of Japan
Significance: led to the decision of the atomic bombs at Hiroshima and Nagasaki
War on both fronts were finally ended
Use of the atomic bombs led to the nuclear arms race between the US and the USSR
Hydrogen bomb created

30. Post WWII
Cold War
Tension b/w the US and USSR that many feared would lead to nuclear war
Marshall Plan
Money given to help Western Europe’s economy and help rebuild countries
Post War Japan
Created democratic government ad helped rebuild
Today a modern, industrial, and wealthy nation
United Nations
Organization of different countries to find peaceful solutions to problems
Permanent Members: US, Britain, France, Russia, China

31. Indian Independence Decolonization India was under control of Britain
Mohandas Gandhi
Leader of the Indian Independence Movement
Supported non-violent protests even through beatings by the British
Unity b/w Hindus and Muslim Indians
Gained independence but not religious peace
Pakistan created as a Muslim state
Gandhi was assassinated but inspired many

32. China’s Communist Revolution
Nationalists v. Communists
Mao Zedong
Communist leader who gained control of China
USSR supported

34. Israel Zionism- Jewish nationalism increased after the Holocaust
1948 Israel created for Jewish people
Arabs upset because part of Palistine was taken
Wars have broken out and still tension

35. Latin America
US was backing governments in Latin America that nationalists did not support
Latin American nationalism associated itself more with the Soviet Union
Cuba (Castro), Chile (Salvador Allende), Nicaragua (Sandinistas), Mexican attempt (Zapatistas)
US backed anti-communist takeovers
Today’s anti-US Latin American governments
Venezuela and Hugo Chavez
Bolivia and Juan Evo Morales Ayma

36. Southeast Asia Decolonizing after WWII
Many of the countries experienced unrest
Vietnamese Nationalist led by Ho Chi Minh fought the French and the US
Communist nationalist won in the end

38. Africa African nationalism also came about after decolonization
Several African countries gained independence
South Africa
Apartheid- official policy of racial segregation in South Africa
Nelson Mandela- arrested for his leadership for 27 years but 1994 was elected president
1994 South African elections where black population was allowed to participate

40. Middle East Arab National arose after the founding of Israel
Abdul Nassar became president of Egypt and united Arabs in standing against the west and supporting Palestine

41. Ethnic Conflicts African tribes fighting one another
Kurds, Persians, Arabs, and Jews fighting in the Middle East
Eastern Europe
Serbs, Bosnians, and Croats fighting
Serbians conquered Bosnia and began ethnic cleansing killing many Bosnians
NATO helped to maintain peace

42. Terrorism Terrorism Al-Qaeda How does this affect us today?
Use of violence against innocent people in the name of a cause
Al-Qaeda
Largest and most active terrorist group
Led by Osama bin Laden
Sept. 11, 2001
War on Terror- invasion into Afghanistan
How does this affect us today?

44. Globalization Globalization- worldwide interdependence United Nations
Allows representatives to negotiate peacefully, provide aid, and back military forces to maintain stability
World Trade Organization
Monitors countries making sure they stick to international trade agreements
OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)
Several oil producing nations that control the cost and supply of oil