Communicable Diseases

Communicable Diseases
Chapter 13 Communicable Diseases Lesson 1 What Are Communicable Diseases? Click for: >> Main Menu >> Chapter 13 Assessment Teacher’s notes are available in the notes section of this presentation. Next >>

some pathogens can be very harmful to people’s bodies.
Essential Question: How do I protect myself against disease? Enduring Understanding: Students will understand that some pathogens can be very harmful to people’s bodies.

Germs that cause disease
pathogens Germs that cause disease Click to reveal the definitions.

Pathogens Analyzing a Graphic Create a concept map that shows all the different types of pathogens. Provide at least one example for each one.

In this lesson, you will learn to
identify types of germs that can cause disease. describe what an infection is. explain how germs are spread. access information on communicable diseases.

A disease such as the common cold is a communicable disease.
Germs and Disease A disease such as the common cold is a communicable disease. disease Any condition that interferes with the normal or proper functioning of the body or mind communicable disease A disease that can be spread to a person from another person, an animal, or an object

Communicable diseases are spread by germs.
Germs and Disease Communicable diseases are spread by germs. germs Organisms that are so small they can only be seen through a microscope The environment is filled with many types of germs.

Pathogens are harmful germs.
Germs and Disease Pathogens are harmful germs. pathogens Germs that cause disease

When the body cannot fight of an infection, a disease develops.
Germs and Disease When the body cannot fight of an infection, a disease develops. infection A condition that happens when pathogens enter the body, multiply, and cause harm

Viruses are usually made of genetic material and protein.
Kinds of Pathogens Viruses are not alive. viruses The smallest and simplest pathogens Viruses cause upper respiratory infections and many other types of disease. Viruses are usually made of genetic material and protein.

Bacteria exist in every environment on earth.
Kinds of Pathogens Bacteria exist in every environment on earth. bacteria Simple one-celled organisms Helpful bacteria live in your digestive system and help break down food. Other bacteria live on your skin and prevent harmful bacteria from infecting you. Most kinds of bacteria are not only harmless, but actually helpful.

Examples of fungi include molds, yeast, and mushrooms.
Kinds of Pathogens Examples of fungi include molds, yeast, and mushrooms. fungi Organisms that are more complex than bacteria but cannot make their own food Most fungi are harmless, but some can cause disease. Fungi thrive in warm, moist environments.

Many protozoa are harmless, but some can cause disease.
Kinds of Pathogens Many protozoa are harmless, but some can cause disease. protozoa One-celled organisms that are more complex than bacteria One type of protozoa causes malaria, which is transferred to people through mosquito bites.

Kinds of Pathogens

How Pathogens Spread Direct contact with others
Indirect contact with others How Pathogens Spread Contact with animals or insects Contact with someone else’s blood Direct contact with others: Washing your hands often with soap helps stop the spread of pathogens. Indirect contact with others: Pathogens can spread through the air. Using tissues to cover your mouth when you sneeze or cough can keep these pathogens from spreading. Pathogens can spread when people share drinking glasses, eating utensils, and other personal items. Contact with someone else’s blood: This can happened when someone injects drugs using a needle that someone else has used. In some cases, pathogens can spread when the blood from an infected person touches the broken skin of an non-infected person. Blood is screened for pathogens at blood donor clinics. Sexual contact: Pathogens can be spread through sexual contact. (Covered in lessons 5 and 6) Contact with contaminated food or water: Undercooked meat may contain bacteria that can make you sick. Illnesses people get from pathogens in food are called foodborne illnesses. Store food properly. Wash fruits and vegetables. Handle meat, poultry, eggs, and fish carefully. Wash all knives and surfaces that meat, poultry, and fish have touched. Tap water can become contaminated in times of emergency. Never drink directly from lakes and rivers. Contact with animals and insects: A deer tick can spread the virus that causes Lyme disease. Mosquitoes infected with the West Nile virus can spread that virus to birds, horses, and humans. Contact with contaminated food or water Sexual contact

Mosquitoes can infect humans with West Nile Virus
Mosquitoes can infect humans with West Nile Virus. Controlling mosquito populations is one way to help control the spread of West Nile Virus.

Lesson 1 Review What I Learned Vocabulary Define communicable disease and pathogen. Write a sentence using both terms. A communicable disease can be spread to a person from another person, an animal, or an object. A pathogen is a germ that causes disease. Sentences will vary.

What I Learned Identify What is an infection? Lesson 1 Review
An infection occurs when pathogens enter the body, multiply, and cause harm.

Lesson 1 Review What I Learned Give Examples What are three kinds of pathogens? Give an example of a disease caused by each kind. Three kinds of pathogens are viruses, bacteria, and protozoa. Students should name diseases from Figure 13.1.

Lesson 1 Review What I Learned Explain Why is it important to clean kitchen cutting boards carefully? A cutting board gets food on it that may contain bacteria. People get foodborne illnesses from pathogens in food.

Lesson 1 Review Thinking Critically Analyze How does keeping insect populations down help keep people healthy? Insects can spread pathogens. Controlling insects stops the spread of diseases.

Lesson 1 Review Thinking Critically Apply Aaron wants a drink of water. He finds a plastic cup on the table but does not know if it has been used or not. Should Aaron use the cup? Explain your answer. Aaron should not use the cup because someone else may have used it, and pathogens can spread on drinking glasses.

Chapter 13 Communicable Diseases Lesson 4 Preventing the Spread of Disease Click for: >> Main Menu >> Chapter 13 Assessment Teacher’s notes are available in the notes section of this presentation. Next >>

pathogens cleanliness hygiene Germs that cause disease
Click to reveal the definitions.

describe how to protect yourself against pathogens. explain how to avoid spreading pathogens to others when you are sick. identify habits that can help you stay healthy. practice positive health behavior to prevent the spread of disease.

Main Headings in this Lesson
Finding the Main Idea Look at the main headings in this lesson. For each heading, write one sentence that explains the main idea. Main Headings in this Lesson Keeping Pathogens from Spreading A Healthful Lifestyle

Pathogens are harmful germs.
Germs and Disease Pathogens are harmful germs. pathogens Germs that cause disease

Keeping Pathogens from Spreading
Good personal hygiene helps limit the number of pathogens you encounter. hygiene Cleanliness You can’t avoid pathogens, but you can develop good habits to protect yourself from them.

Protecting Yourself from Pathogens
Avoid close contact with people who have a communicable disease. Never share eating utensils. Wash yourself thoroughly and often, especially before preparing foods. When washing your hands, use plenty of warm water. Remember to wash your hands after you use the bathroom, play with pets, visit a sick person, or touch garbage or any other source of pathogens. Keep your fingers and hands away from your mouth, nose, and eyes.

Protecting Yourself from Pathogens
Handle and prepare food safely. Wipe counters thoroughly. Empty the trash can often. Handling and preparing food safely is especially important for meat, poultry, and fish. Always wash vegetables and cook meat thoroughly. Keeps pets clean and healthy.

Protecting Others from Pathogens
If you feel sick, tell a parent or guardian. If you are ill, stay home from school and other public places. Cover your mouth and nose when you sneeze or cough. Early treatment helps keep your condition from getting worse and limits the number of people who are exposed to whatever is making you sick. If you are sick, limit your contact with other people and wash your hands often. Only use a tissue once and throw it away in the proper place. If you don’t have a tissue, sneeze or cough into the crook of your elbow rather than your hand. Don’t stop taking a medicine because you feel better. If a medical professional has told you to take medicine, follow the directions on the label exactly.

A Healthful Lifestyle Eat a balanced diet.
Bathe or shower regularly using soap and shampoo. Here are some positive health practices that you can develop. Avoid all tobacco products, alcohol, and other drugs. Get 8–9 hours of sleep every day.

A Healthful Lifestyle Rest when you are sick. Ask a parent or guardian to make sure your immunizations are up to date. Here are some positive health practices that you can develop. Learn to manage stress. Visit the doctor for regular checkups and follow the advice of your doctor.

What I Learned Lesson 4 Review
Vocabulary Define hygiene, and use the term in a sentence. Hygiene is cleanliness. Sample sentence: Good personal hygiene can protect you from pathogens.

Describe How can staying home when you are sick help keep others healthy? Staying home when you are sick avoids exposing others to the illness.

Identify What are three strategies for protecting yourself from pathogens? Avoid close contact with people who have a communicable disease, don't share eating utensils, and wash your hands thoroughly and frequently.

Thinking Critically Lesson 4 Review
Explain Why do you think you should keep your trash can clean? Food can collect at the bottom of a trash can, and bacteria can grow.

Thinking Critically Lesson 4 Review
Apply Turtles and other reptiles carry salmonella. This bacteria often makes people sick if they ingest it. What would be a good way to make sure you don’t get sick from your friend’s pet turtle? You shouldn't handle the pet turtle if you can help it. If you have to pick up the turtle, you should wash your hands thoroughly.

Chapter 13 Communicable Diseases Lesson 5 Sexually Transmitted Diseases Click for: >> Main Menu >> Chapter 13 Assessment Teacher’s notes are available in the notes section of this presentation. Next >>

sexually transmitted diseases
Infections that are spread from person to person through sexual contact A bacterial STD that may affect the reproductive organs, urethra, and anus chlamydia genital warts Growths or bumps in the genital area cased by certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) Click to reveal the definitions. genital herpes A viral STD that produces painful blisters on the genital area

A bacterial STD that can affect many parts of the body syphilis
A bacterial STD that affects the mucous membranes of the body, particularly the genital area gonorrhea A bacterial STD that can affect many parts of the body Click to reveal the definitions. syphilis

What different ways can pathogens be spread?
Do NOW What different ways can pathogens be spread? Provide at least four different ways that you can protect yourself against pathogens. John needs to attend school, but he is feeling sick this morning. If you were John’s parents what advice would you give to him. .

identify common sexually transmitted diseases. explain how to protect yourself from sexually transmitted disease. access valid information about sexually transmitted disease.

Finding the Main Idea Create a three-column table like the one shown below. As you go through the lesson, complete the table. STD Symptoms and Effects Prevention

What Are Sexually Transmitted Diseases?
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are also called sexually transmitted infections (STIs) hygiene Infections that are spread from person to person through sexual contact

The STD Fact File Someone who has an STD may not have visible symptoms, or may have symptoms that come and go. However, such a person may be contagious even when there are no symptoms.

The STD Fact File STDs can be prevented by saying no to high-risk behaviors, such as sexual activity.

The STD Fact File STDs can make a person sterile or infertile.

The STD Fact File Not all STDs are curable, and some are even fatal.

The STD Fact File A person who suspects that he or she is infected with an STD must see a doctor.

The STD Fact File Vaccines are not available for most STDs.

Chlamydia is often referred to as a “silent” disease because in many cases there are no symptoms. chlamydia A bacterial STD that may affect the reproductive organs, urethra, and anus When symptoms occur, they can include genital discharge and pain when urinating. Left untreated, chlamydia can cause infections in the body and infertility.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infections like genital warts are the most common type of STD. genital warts Growths or bumps in the genital area caused by certain types of human papillomavirus Genital warts can be treated, but there is no cure for the HPV infection itself. Some strains of HPV are linked to the development of cervical cancer. Like chlamydia, HPV is often a silent disease, causing no symptoms until many years after the initial infection.

Even when the symptoms of genital herpes go away, the virus and the disease remain in the body. genital herpes A viral STD that produces painful blisters on the genital area Additional symptoms of genital herpes include pain anywhere in the lower half of the body and genital discharge. There is no known cure for genital herpes.

Trichomoniasis can be treated and cured with medications. trichomoniasis An STD caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis Symptoms include vaginal discharge, discomfort during urination, and irritation or itching in the genital area.

Gonorrhea can be treated with antibiotics. gonorrhea A bacterial STD that affect the mucous membranes of the body, particularly in the genital area Symptoms include a thick yellowish discharge from the genitals and burning sensation when urinating. Left untreated, gonorrhea can infect other parts of the body, including the heart. It can also cause fertility problems for both males and females.

If diagnosed and treated in the first or second stage, syphilis can be cured with antibiotics. syphilis A bacterial STD that can affect many parts of the body First stage of syphilis: Painless sores at the place of infection Swollen lymph glands Second stage of syphilis: Severe rash Later stages of syphilis: The bacteria move throughout the body and can cause damage to other organs. If left untreated, syphilis can eventually cause mental disorders, heart problems, and death.

Hepatitis B can be transmitted by sexual contact or through contaminated needles. hepatitis B A disease caused by the hepatitis B virus that affects the liver There is a vaccine available for hepatitis B.

Abstinence from Sexual Activity
There is a 100 percent effective way to avoid STDs: Abstinence You cannot tell by looking at people if they have an STD.

The media often sends messages that sexual activity is exciting. There is no mention of the risks of STDs or unplanned pregnancies. Use refusal skills to avoid being pressured to take part in sexual activity. It’s normal to have sexual feelings when you are a teen. Talking about these feelings with a parent or guardian can help you deal with them. It also helps to understand your family’s values and what your parents expect of you.

You do not have to hide your feelings of affection. Appropriate ways for teens to show affection include holding hands and complimenting someone. Your relationships are built on shared interests and trust, rather than on sexual attraction. By practicing abstinence, you get to know someone in a way that goes beyond physical attraction.

What I Learned Vocabulary Define sexually transmitted disease.
Lesson 5 Review What I Learned Vocabulary Define sexually transmitted disease. A sexually transmitted disease is an infection that is spread from person to person through sexual contact.

Lesson 5 Review What I Learned Explain Why are some STDs referred to as “silent” diseases? In many cases there are no symptoms and a person can have the disease and not know it.

What I Learned List What are two consequences of untreated chlamydia?
Lesson 5 Review What I Learned List What are two consequences of untreated chlamydia? other infections and infertility

What I Learned Apply What is the best way to avoid STDs?
Lesson 5 Review What I Learned Apply What is the best way to avoid STDs? Abstain from sexual activity.

Lesson 5 Review What I Learned Explain What are some appropriate ways for teens to show affection? Holding hands and complimenting someone are appropriate ways for teens to show affection.

Lesson 5 Review Thinking Critically Analyze How do values influence a person’s decision to practice sexual abstinence before marriage? Respecting family values can influence a person to make the decision to practice sexual abstinence before marriage.

Chapter 13 Communicable Diseases Lesson 6 HIV/AIDS Click for: >> Main Menu >> Chapter 13 Assessment Teacher’s notes are available in the notes section of this presentation. Next >>

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) The virus that causes AIDS
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency virus) Click to reveal the definitions. A disease that interferes with the body’s ability to fight infection

explain how people become infected with HIV and develop AIDS. explain what is being done to fight AIDS. analyze how media messages about sexual activity might influence teens. describe how to protect yourself from HIV/AIDS.

Identifying Problems and Solutions
After reading this lesson, identify how HIV is transmitted and what can be done to prevent the spread of HIV.

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) attacks and kills T cells.
What Are HIV and AIDS? HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) attacks and kills T cells. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) The virus that causes AIDS T cells coordinate the body’s response to infections. HIV destroys T cells. As a result, the immune system cannot fight HIV or any other infection. AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) A disease that interferes with the body’s ability to fight infection

HIV does not kill T cells immediately.
What Are HIV and AIDS? HIV does not kill T cells immediately. An infected person can have the virus for years without showing any signs or symptoms. Once a person is infected with HIV, the virus begins damaging the person’s immune system. Infected people can spread the disease to others.

The Spread of HIV How HIV Is Spread Sexual Intercourse
Contaminated Needles Other This is most common way that HIV spreads HIV circulates in the bloodstream and in other bodily fluids The virus circulates in the body even before it destroys the immune system Abstinence is the only protection against transmission A single drop of blood left on a needle can contain enough HIV to infect someone Contaminated tattoo needles can transmit HIV People with diabetes and other who need to use needles should do so under supervision of a medical professional A pregnant female can transmit HIV to her child during delivery A pregnant female can transmit HIV to her child through breast milk Before blood screening, people sometimes became infected during blood transfusions

The Spread of HIV How HIV Is NOT Spread
Swimming in a pool with an infected person. Sharing utensils with an infected person. Breathing the air near an infected person. Donating blood. Being bitten by a mosquito that has bitten an infected person. Hugging or shaking hands with an infected person. Using the same shower, bathtub, or toilet as an infected person. Sharing sports equipment with an infected person.

Fighting AIDS In the United States, more that 14,000 people die every year from AIDS. Scientists and educators around the world work to prevent HIV infection by teaching people about the disease.

Many of these drugs have serious side effects and are very expensive.
Fighting AIDS New drugs work to slow the progress of the disease by preventing HIV from reproducing. Many of these drugs have serious side effects and are very expensive. Drugs that are being used to slow the progress of HIV may be losing their effectiveness because the virus is changing.

Fighting AIDS Scientists are working on a vaccines to protect people from HIV, but it will likely take many years to develop. The best weapon in the fight against HIV and AIDS so far has been knowledge. One challenge facing scientists is the fact that there are many forms of HIV. When people learn how HIV is spread, they can take steps to avoid getting it.

People who inject illegal drugs face the dangers of getting diseases.
Abstinence and HIV People who inject illegal drugs face the dangers of getting diseases. People who engage in sexual activity are exposing themselves to STDs. The only 100 percent sure way to avoid getting HIV is to avoid contact with sources of this virus.

Abstinence and HIV If you are pressured to use injectable drugs or have sexual activity, talk to your parents or guardians right away. Stay away from people who encourage you to make dangerous choices.

Abstinence can save your life.
Abstinence and HIV Abstinence can save your life.

What I Learned Vocabulary Define HIV and AIDS. Lesson 6 Review
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus, is the virus that causes AIDS. AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, is a deadly disease that interferes with the body's ability to fight infection.

What I Learned Identify How is AIDS related to HIV? Lesson 6 Review
AIDS is the disease a person gets who is infected with HIV.

Lesson 6 Review What I Learned Give Examples People are often mistaken about how HIV is transmitted. Name four ways HIV is not transmitted. Any four: by swimming in a pool with an infected person, sharing utensils with an infected person, breathing the air near an infected person, or donating blood

Lesson 6 Review What I Learned Describe What happens to T cells that are infected with HIV? When T cells are infected with HIV, the virus uses the T cells to make copies of the virus, then the T cells are destroyed.

Thinking Critically Analyze Why is HIV an especially dangerous virus?
Lesson 6 Review Thinking Critically Analyze Why is HIV an especially dangerous virus? HIV cripples the immune system by killing the T cells that control immune responses.

Lesson 6 Review Thinking Critically Apply Many people who have HIV do not know that they are infected with the virus. How can this be? A person can have the virus without showing any signs or symptoms.

End of Chapter 13 Communicable Diseases Lesson 6 HIV/AIDS Click for: >> Main Menu >> Chapter 13 Assessment

Communicable Diseases

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