1. 19.1 Section Objectives – page 503
1. What life characteristic is each of the organisms exhibiting? 2. How are these organisms alike and different?
The Amoeba is surrounding its food.
The Didinim is feeding on a Paramecium.
The Euglena moves by whipping its flagellum.
Beating cilia draw food into the mouth of this Stentor.
19.1 Section Objectives – page 503

2. Protists, and Fungi Protists What is a protist? Animal-like protists
Plant-like protists
Unit Overview – pages

3. Section 19.1 Summary – pages 503-509
What is a protist?
Kingdom Protista
most diverse organisms of all the kingdoms.
Eukaryotes
variety of shapes & sizes
one or many cells
Section 19.1 Summary – pages

4. Section 19.1 Summary – pages 503-509
Types of protist
No typical protists
Protozoa: animal-like protists that are heterotrophic
Unlike animals, though, all protozoans are unicellular.
Protozoa
Section 19.1 Summary – pages

5. Section 19.1 Summary – pages 503-509
Types of protist
Plantlike autotrophic protists are called algae.
Algae
Section 19.1 Summary – pages

6. Section 19.1 Summary – pages 503-509
Types of protist
Unlike plants, algae do not have organs such as roots, stems, and leaves.
Algae
Section 19.1 Summary – pages

7. Section 19.1 Summary – pages 503-509
Types of protist
Some are more like fungi because they decompose dead organisms.
Slime mold
Unlike fungi, funguslike protists are able to move at some point in their life and do not have chitin in their cell walls.
Section 19.1 Summary – pages

8. Section 19.1 Summary – pages 503-509
Why Protist?
Some protists cause diseases, such as malaria and sleeping sickness, that result in millions of human deaths throughout the world every year.
Unicellular algae produce much of the Earth’s oxygen and are the basis of aquatic food chains.
Slime molds and water molds decompose
Section 19.1 Summary – pages

9. Section 19.1 Summary – pages 503-509
Diversity of Protozoans
Four main groups of protozoans: Amoebas (uh MEE buz)
2. Flagellates
3. Ciliates,
4. Sporozoans (spor uh ZOH unz).
Section 19.1 Summary – pages

10. Section 19.1 Summary – pages 503-509
Amoebas: Shapeless protists
Amoebas most are harmless but some do cause disease and can be parasitic
Pseudopodia
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Food
vacuole
Contractile
vacuole
Section 19.1 Summary – pages

11. Section 19.1 Summary – pages 503-509
Flagellates: Protozoans with flagella
Flagellates: have one or more flagella.
parasites - such as African sleeping sickness in humans.
Primary producers for other organisims
Giardia lamblia (intestinal parasite)
Section 19.1 Summary – pages

12. Section 19.1 Summary – pages 503-509
Ciliates: Protozoans with cilia
Anal
pore
Cilia
The roughly 8000 members
Ciliates: use the cilia that cover their bodies to move. (tiny hairs) - paramecium
Oral
groove
Gullet
Ciliates live in every kind of aquatic habitat—from ponds and streams to oceans and sulfur springs.
Contractile
vacuole
Micronucleus and
macronucleus
Section 19.1 Summary – pages

13. Section 19.1 Summary – pages 503-509
Sporozoans: Parasitic protozoans
Sporozoans: produce spores.
All are parasites.
They live as internal parasites in one or more hosts and have complex life cycles.
disease causing - malaria in humans and other mammals and in birds.
Section 19.1 Summary – pages

14. Section 19.1 Summary – pages 503-509
Plantlike protists
Algae include both unicellular and multicellular organisms.
phytoplankton are so numerous are one of the major producers of nutrients and oxygen in aquatic ecosystems in the world.
Section 19.1 Summary – pages

15. Section 19.2 Summary – pages 510-516
Types:
Euglenoids
Diatoms
Dinoflagellets
Algae
Section 19.2 Summary – pages

16. Section 19.2 Summary – pages 510-516
Euglenoids: Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Eugelnoids are unicellular, aquatic protists that have both plant and animal characteristics.
Nucleus
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Eyespot
Flagellum
Pellicle
Contractile vacuole
Section 19.2 Summary – pages

17. Diatoms: The golden algae
unicellular and photosynthetic
make up a large part of phytoplankton.
made of silica
Abbrasive and reflectant …???...

18. Dinoflagellates: The spinning algae
They have two flagella located in grooves at right angles to each other.
Several species of dinoflagellates produce toxins.
Red tide

19. Section 19.2 Summary – pages 510-516
Dinoflagellates: The spinning algae
The toxins produced during a red tide may make humans ill.
Red tide
Section 19.2 Summary – pages

20. Section 19.2 Summary – pages 510-516
Algae
Red
Food (nori)
Brown
Kelp – most complex
Green
Most diverse
Produce oxygen
Section 19.2 Summary – pages

21. Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi
What is a Fungus?
Unit Overview – pages

22. 20.1 Section Objectives – page 529
1. Which of these fungi are you familiar with? 2. Why do you think these diverse species are classified into a single kingdom?
20.1 Section Objectives – page 529

23. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534
The Characteristics of Fungi
The three main characteristics of Kingdom Fungi:
Incomplete cell walls
Reproduce with spores
Obtain nutrients through extracellular digestion
Section 20.1 Summary – pages

24. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534
The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are everywhere—in the air and water, on damp basement walls, in gardens, on foods, and sometimes even between people’s toes.
Section 20.1 Summary – pages

25. Fungus Among Us

26. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534
The structure of fungi
Although there are a few unicellular types of fungi, such as yeasts, most fungi are multicellular.
The basic structural units of multicellular fungi are their hyphae
Hyphae are threadlike filaments which develop from fungal spores.
Section 20.1 Summary – pages

27. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534
The structure of fungi
There are different types of hyphae in a mycelium. Some anchor the fungus, some invade the food source, and others form fungal reproductive structures.
Section 20.1 Summary – pages

28. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534
The structure of fungi
Unlike plants, which have cell walls made of cellulose, the cell walls of most fungi contain a complex carbohydrate called chitin.
Chitin gives the fungal cell walls both strength and flexibility.
Section 20.1 Summary – pages

29. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534
Fungi
break down complex organic substances into raw materials that other living organisms need. (decompose)
without fungi, huge amounts of wastes, dead organisms, and debris,
cause food to spoil, diseases, and some are poisonous.
Yeasts, blue veined cheese,
Section 20.1 Summary – pages

30. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534
Fungi
Fungi can be harmful to animals and plants.
Section 20.1 Summary – pages

32. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534
How fungi obtain food
Fungi are heterotrophs, and they use a process called extracellular digestion to obtain nutrients.
In this process, food is digested outside a fungus’s cells, and the digested products are then absorbed.
Section 20.1 Summary – pages

33. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534
How fungi obtain food
Chemicals released
by hyphae digest
dead materials.
Hyphae absorb
the digested food.
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34. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534
Different feeding relationships
A fungus may be a saprophyte, a mutualist, or a parasite depending on its food source.
Saprophytes - decomposers and feed on waste or dead organic material.
Mutualists live in a symbiotic relationship with another organism, such as an alga.
Section 20.1 Summary – pages

35. Section 20.1 Summary – pages 529-534
Different feeding relationships
Parasites absorb nutrients from the living cells of their hosts.
Fungal
hypha
Haustorium
Host cell
Section 20.1 Summary – pages