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Published byPeyton Clower Modified over 9 years ago
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Topic 1: What is Ecology? Defined: Studying how life interacts within the biosphere is called Ecology All life interacts within the biosphere Area within the deepest ocean trenches to the highest mountains
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Populations Defined: Group of one species living in the same area
Click on information box Defined: Group of one species living in the same area Population changes based on: Births, Deaths, Immigration, Emigration, Available resources
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Limiting Factors Defined: Factors that control population sizes
Disease, food, predators, climate, space, mates Carrying Capacity: greatest number of individuals that a population can sustain What stage is the human population in?
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Communities Defined: Populations of many species living in the same area at the same time Each organism has it own HABITAT Habitat: Place where an organism lives Each species has its own NICHE Niche: The role/needs of a species Ex: Termites return nutrients to the soil
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Desert Communities have many species
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Ecosystems Defined: Community of species interacting with the living & non-living Desert Biotic Factors: Animals: Mice, Reptiles, Insects Plants: Cactus, Flowers, Shrubs Desert Abiotic Factors: Sand, rocks, sunlight Ecosystem changes affect biodiversity Keystone species greatly alter ecosystems
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(biotic + abiotic factors)
Desert Ecosystems (biotic + abiotic factors)
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What is a Biome? Defined: Large area with distinct climate, plant, and animal life Climate factors: sun, rain, topography Climate determines life
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Part 2: Ecosystem Components
Producers Basis of an ecosystem’s energy Autotrophs: perform photosynthesis to make sugars Chemotrophs: Bacteria which use minerals from deep-sea vents to make energy Consumers Heterotrophs: Consumes others for energy Omnivores, herbivores, carnivores, decomposers
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4.5897 kcal 45.897 kcal 458.97 kcal 4589.7 kcal 45,897 kcal
Trophic Levels kcal kcal Defined: Feeding level of an ecosystem Trophic levels consist of producers, consumers, and decomposers ~10% of energy is passed to the next level Few trophic levels kcal kcal 45,897 kcal
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Defined: Organisms that create their energy through photosynthesis
AKA: Autotrophs Convert sunlight into glucose (sugar) Bottom of food chain (1st trophic level) Ex: Plants, Algae, Cyanobacteria Producers
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Consumers Primary Consumers Secondary Consumers Tertiary Consumers
Feed directly on producers Herbivores Secondary Consumers Feed on primary consumers Carnivores & omnivores Tertiary Consumers Feed on secondary consumers Quaternary Consumers Feed on tertiary consumers
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Decomposers Decomposers: break down dead matter into simpler substances Returns nutrients to the soil Feed on any trophic level
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Name the tropic levels in this food pyramid
tertiary consumer secondary consumer primary consumer producer
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Food Webs Defined: Group of interrelated food chains Arrows show direction energy (nutrients) travel
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Tertiary consumer Secondary consumer Primary consumer producer
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Quaternary consumer Tertiary consumer Secondary consumer Primary consumer producer
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Topic 3: Succession
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Primary Succession Defined: Establishment and development of an ecosystem in an uninhabited environment Volcanic lava creates new land Glaciers retreating exposing new land
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Bare Rock Lava cools and hardens into rock
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Pioneer Species Defined: First organisms to inhabit new land
Moss and lichen grow on bare rock Dead matter accumulates with rock pieces Thin soil layer begins to accumulate
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The Process Continues Seeds enter the area and grow
Small flowers & shrubs accumulate more organic matter With new plants, small animals inhabit the area
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The Process Continues Small trees take root in the accumulated organic matter More animals use the trees as a habitat
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Climax Community Large trees take root New animals inhabit new forests
Overcrowd and out-compete original trees New animals inhabit new forests
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Secondary Succession Changes that take place after a disturbance occurs in an established ecosystem Forest fires, floods, tree falls… Faster scale (soil preexists)
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Topic 4: Biogeochemical Cycles
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Oxygen Cycle Autotrophs: Release O2 into atmosphere via photosynthesis
All life: Absorbs O2 to be used during cellular respiration Respiration: creates ATP energy for cells
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Carbon Cycle CO2 CO2 sugars Carbon = (organic molecules) carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids Plants & autotrophs: Intake: Absorb CO2 from atmosphere Output: Create carbohydrates by photosynthesis
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Carbon Cycle Consumers
sugars Consumers Intake: Carbon moves up the food chain as 1 feeds on another Output: Release CO2 during respiration
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Carbon Cycle Decomposers Input: Feed on dead organic matter
sugars C C C Decomposers Input: Feed on dead organic matter Output: Release CO2 during respiration Output: Organic molecules returned to soil during decomposition
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Carbon Cycle Human Industry
CO2 Human Industry Output: Release CO2 into atmosphere when fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) are burned
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Nitrogen Cycle N = 78% atmosphere (most unusable) Soil Bacteria
Ammonia Nitrates N = 78% atmosphere (most unusable) Soil Bacteria Nitrogen fixation: convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia Nitrification: ammonia converted into nitrates
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Nitrogen Cycle Nitrates Plants Absorb nitrates through their roots
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Nitrogen Cycle Animals
Nitrates Animals Ingest nitrates through the food chain (plants eaten)
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Nitrogen Cycle Decomposers Feed on dead organisms
Nitrates Nitrates Ammonia Ammonia Ammonia Decomposers Feed on dead organisms Return ammonia to soil by feeding on dead matter
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Phosphorus (P) Cycle No phosphorus in atmosphere Rocks
Phosphorus released by weathering of rocks P P
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Phosphorus (P) Cycle Plants Absorb P into their roots P
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Phosphorus (P) Cycle Animals Ingest P when plants eaten
P continues to move up food chain P
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Phosphorus (P) Cycle Decomposers
Breakdown dead matter and release P into soil P P
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Phosphorus (P) Cycle Human Contribution P P P P
Adding excess P from fertilizers P washes into lakes, etc… Excess P causes extreme algae growth P P
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Topic 5: Community Interactions
when organisms live together in an ecological community they interact constantly. Three types of interactions Competition Predation Symbiosis
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Competition occurs due to limited resources
water, nutrients, light, food. Competitive exclusion principle - no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time
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Competition
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Predation Predation- when an organism captures and feeds on another organism. Predator- hunter Prey- hunted
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Symbiosis Symbiosis- any relationship where two species live closely together. (3 types) Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
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Symbiosis Mutualism - both species benefit from a relationship
Flower: gets pollinated Moth: gets nectar
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Mutualism example: Cleaner birds and Crocodiles
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Symbiosis Commensalism – One member of a symbiotic relationship benefits and the other is neither helped or harmed Anemone: gains nothing Fish: protection
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Symbiosis Parasitism- One creature benefits and one creature is harmed
Insect larvae will feed on the caterpillar
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Topic 6: Environmental Issues
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Ozone Layer Depletion Ozone Function: Block UV radiation from sun
Problems: CFCs thinning the ozone layer More UV radiation reaches the surface Effects: Crop damage, skin cancers, Eye damage Solution: Reduce CFCs, regrow trees UV UV Ozone layer Ozone layer CFCs
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The Greenhouse Effect G.H.E. is naturally good (it warms Earth)
Problem: Excess heat trapped near the earth’s surface Fear: Climate patterns change, ice caps melt Main Cause: CO2 from burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) Solutions: Reduce use of fossil fuels, regrow trees, alternative energy sources
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What’s in a name? The purpose of a greenhouse is to trap heat year round
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Earth Some heat escapes into space heat
Some heat naturally trapped by Earth’s atmosphere heat heat Earth
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Earth
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Earth Less heat escapes into space
More heat trapped near Earth’s surface Excess CO2 in atmosphere Earth
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The Greenhouse Effect is naturally GOOD!
Mars: No Greenhouse Effect Earth: Balanced Greenhouse Effect Venus: The Extreme Greenhouse Effect Little heat is trapped by the thin CO2 atmosphere. High temperatures can be around 20⁰F. Heat is trapped by the thick CO2 atmosphere. Temperatures reach 750⁰F. Average global temperature is 57⁰F.
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Deforestation Defined: Clearing of forested areas Reasons: Problems:
High demand for wood products Create farmland Problems: Species lost Excess CO2 released Solutions: Recycle Improved farming techniques
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The Smog and Ground-Level Ozone
Reason: Burning of fossil fuels & industry Problems: Respiratory illness Ozone gas is poisonous Causes: Particulates rise into air and react with sunlight to make air pollution Solutions: Reduce use of fossil fuels alternative energy sources Plant trees
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Non-native Species Introduction
Defined: Foreign organisms are introduced to a new habitat Reason: Pet industry, “free ride” organisms, pest control Effects: Foreign species outcompete native species Food webs unbalanced Economic damage Solutions: Laws preventing foreign goods into new countries Introduce predators Zebra mussels Kudzu vines
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Acid Rain Defined: Precipitation with a below normal pH Cause:
Fossil fuel pollution rises into the air & then falls as rain Effect: Waterways more acidic Kills plant and animal life Solutions: Reduce fossil fuel usage Add buffer (base) to waterways
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The Big Problem: Overpopulation
Over 6.7 billion people Many natural resources are nonrenewable Fossil fuels take millions of years to form More people means: 1) More forests removed 2) More resources consumed 3) More CO2 released
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