1. The germ theory of disease states that infectious diseases are caused by
toxins.
microorganisms.
heredity.
materials in the environment. 1 2 3 4 5

2. Diseases are caused by pathogens. cigarette smoke. fungi.
all of the above 1 2 3 4 5

3. An infectious disease is one that is caused by
heredity.
materials in the environment.
pathogens.
hemophilia. 1 2 3 4 5

4. Which of the following is NOT a step in identifying the pathogen that causes a specific disease?
The pathogen should be found in the body of a healthy organism.
The pathogen should be isolated and grown in a pure culture.
The purified pathogens should cause the same disease in a new host.
The pathogen should be isolated from the second host. 1 2 3 4 5

5. How are infectious diseases spread?
through coughing, sneezing, or physical contact
through contaminated water and food
by infected animals
all of the above 1 2 3 4 5

6. An example of an infectious disease that is caused by a virus is
athlete’s foot.
tuberculosis.
influenza (the flu).
tetanus. 1 2 3 4 5

7. Which of the following is an example of a vector and the disease it spreads?
tall grass and Lyme disease
the deer tick and Lyme disease
the Nile river and West Nile disease
insecticides and malaria 1 2 3 4 5

8. How can you prevent the spread of Lyme disease?
Wash your hands frequently.
Avoid sexual contact.
Avoid tall grasses and wooded areas.
Cover your mouth with a tissue when you cough. 1 2 3 4 5

9. Each of the following is an infectious disease EXCEPT
AIDS.
chicken pox.
influenza.
cancer. 1 2 3 4 5

10. Antibiotics fight infections by
preventing viruses from replicating.
killing bacteria.
killing infected cells.
growing green mold that inhibits bacterial growth. 1 2 3 4 5

11. Which of the following is a mechanism that some antiviral drugs use to fight viruses?
interfering with the ability of viruses to invade cells and multiply once inside of them
increasing protein synthesis on ribosomes
killing both bacterial and human cells
none of the above 1 2 3 4 5

12. Compounds that kill bacterial cells without harming the cells of humans or other animals are called
antiviral drugs.
insecticides.
antibiotics.
carcinogens. 1 2 3 4 5

13. One advantage of a fever is that it can slow down the
activities of white blood cells.
rate of chemical reactions.
growth of pathogens.
body’s recovery from infection. 1 2 3 4 5

14. The body’s nonspecific defenses against invading pathogens include
antibiotics.
mucus, sweat, and tears.
antibodies.
killer T cells. 1 2 3 4 5

15. The inflammatory response can cause
permanent immunity.
pain, swelling, and fever.
antibodies to bind to antigens.
killer T cells to attack infected cells. 1 2 3 4 5

16. The body’s most important nonspecific defense is
the skin.
cell-mediated immunity.
the inflammatory response.
permanent immunity. 1 2 3 4 5

17. If the skin is cut or broken, an infection can result from microorganisms
in the air.
on the skin.
in the blood.
in the mucus. 1 2 3 4 5

18. Unlike passive immunity, in active immunity antibodies are produced by
the mother of an infant.
your own body.
other animals.
an autoimmune disease. 1 2 3 4 5

19. When a person receives a vaccine, his or her body
receives antibodies against a specific pathogen.
creates plasma cells that can produce antibodies against the specific pathogen.
creates antigens to fight the specific pathogen.
immediately begins fighting the infection caused by the pathogens. 1 2 3 4 5

20. Humoral immunity is carried out by
killer T cells.
lymphocytes.
antibodies.
macrophages. 1 2 3 4 5

21. If a person has memory B cells against a certain pathogen, the person is
likely to develop that disease.
much less likely to develop the disease a second time.
able to spread the disease to others through physical contact.
probably still sick with the disease. 1 2 3 4 5

22. A person who has received a vaccine against polio
is able to produce antibodies against polio.
is more susceptible to the polio virus than someone who has not had the vaccine.
has polio antibodies in the bloodstream.
has antipolio killer T cells in the bloodstream. 1 2 3 4 5

23. An immune response is triggered by a(an)
antibiotic.
antibody.
antigen.
histamine. 1 2 3 4 5

24. Asthma is an example of
the immune system attacking its own body cells.
the immune system overreacting to an antigen.
an autoimmune disease.
an infection. 1 2 3 4 5

25. The sneezing, runny nose, and itchy eyes associated with allergies are caused when
smooth muscles reduce the size of air passageways in the lungs.
the immune system attacks the body’s own cells.
mast cells release histamines.
infected cells produce interferon. 1 2 3 4 5

26. What happens when a person who is allergic to ragweed encounters ragweed?
Ragweed antigens bind to mast cells, which release histamines.
Ragweed antibodies attack the immune system.
Mast cells release antihistamines into the bloodstream.
The cells of the immune system become weakened. 1 2 3 4 5

27. The symptoms of allergies include
runny nose and a fever.
sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes.
unusual infections of the lungs, mouth, throat, and skin.
formation of a tumor. 1 2 3 4 5

28. What causes asthma?
Particular antigens trigger mast cells to release histamines.
Particular antigens trigger muscle contractions that make it difficult to breathe.
Antibodies and killer T cells attack cells in the tissues of the lungs.
Antibodies and killer T cells attack cells in the lining of the heart. 1 2 3 4 5

29. An example of an autoimmune disease is
asthma.
allergies.
multiple sclerosis.
strep throat. 1 2 3 4 5

30. Autoimmune diseases result when the immune system
fails to distinguish self from nonself.
overreacts to certain antigens.
is weakened by asthma.
all of the above 1 2 3 4 5

31. Antibodies attack neuromuscular junctions in
rheumatoid arthritis.
myasthenia gravis.
multiple sclerosis.
Type I diabetes. 1 2 3 4 5

32. All of the following are ways that HIV can be spread EXCEPT
sharing needles for intravenous drug use.
tending to another person’s bleeding wound when you have a cut on your hand.
using another person’s hairbrush.
having sex without a condom. 1 2 3 4 5

33. Doctors first suspected that AIDS was weakening the immune system of infected patients when their patients developed
asthma.
allergies.
rare infections.
strep throat. 1 2 3 4 5

34. HIV weakens the immune system by killing
antibodies.
B cells.
helper T cells.
killer T cells. 1 2 3 4 5

35. HIV spreads through the body by
replicating inside the cells of the immune system.
preventing the body from producing antibodies against HIV.
causing the body to have asthma attacks.
strengthening the immune system. 1 2 3 4 5

36. Which of the following presents a risk of spreading HIV?
abstaining from sex
giving blood
kissing someone on the cheek
using a contaminated needle to receive an injection 1 2 3 4 5

37. Factors that affect air quality include
carbon monoxide.
ozone.
airborne particulates.
all of the above 1 2 3 4 5

38. Lead pollution is no longer a serious problem because
lead particulates are not easily inhaled.
leaded gasoline was replaced with unleaded gasoline.
lead particulates are washed into rivers and streams.
asbestos is now used instead of lead. 1 2 3 4 5

39. Cancer cells affect other cells in the body by
taking in nutrients needed by other cells.
increasing nerve connections.
forming benign tumors throughout the body.
all of the above 1 2 3 4 5

40. Cancer can be caused by bacteria. asthma. radiation. allergies. 1 2 34 5

41. A benign tumor is one that
is cancerous.
has undergone metastasis.
does not spread to other parts of the body.
does not divide uncontrollably. 1 2 3 4 5

42. Radiation and cigarette smoke both
cause mutations in DNA.
are carcinogens.
cause nausea, headaches, and hair loss.
destroy fast-growing cancer cells. 1 2 3 4 5

43. Healthful behaviors include
eating a healthful diet.
getting plenty of exercise.
getting regular checkups.
all of the above 1 2 3 4 5

44. Eating foods that are low in saturated fat and cholesterol may help prevent
cancer.
bacterial diseases.
obesity.
STDs. 1 2 3 4 5

45. Regular excercise is important because it
suppresses the immune system.
helps prevent heart disease.
reduce the risk of getting an STD.
helps prevent cancer. 1 2 3 4 5

46. Koch’s postulates would not be an effective method of determining the cause of hemophilia. _________________________
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

47. Washing your hands frequently can prevent the spread of many vectors
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

48. The protists that cause Chagas disease are spread by insects called assassin bugs. These assassin bugs are pathogens for Chagas disease. _________________________
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

49. Antibiotics are an effective treatment for a viral disease such as measles. _________________________
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

50. Lysozyme, an enzyme that breaks down the cell walls of bacteria, is a part of the body’s specific defenses. _________________________
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

51. The immune response is triggered by antibodies
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

52. Cell-mediated immunity is carried out by lymphocytes
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

53. Histamines can reduce the symptoms of an allergic reaction
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

54. Injecting specific allergens into the body of a person with allergies can improve the allergic symptoms over time. This treatment serves to make the immune system more sensitive to the allergens. _________________________
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

55. When the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body’s own cells, it produces an allergic reaction. ______________________________
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

56. Autoimmune diseases can be treated. _________________________
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

57. Over a period of years, HIV kills most of a person’s B cells
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

58. Benign tumors are not cancerous. _________________________
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

59. A risk factor is anything that increases the chance of disease or injury. _________________________
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

60. The only way to absolutely prevent exposure to STDs is abstinence
True
False 1 2 3 4 5

61. Participant Scores Participant 1 Participant 2 Participant 3
Participant 1
Participant 2
Participant 3
Participant 4
Participant 5

62. A ____________________ is any disease-causing organism.1 2 3 4 5
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63. Chickenpox, tetanus, and malaria are all examples of ____________________ diseases.1 2 3 4 5
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64. Mosquitoes that carry disease-causing organisms from person to person are called ____________________. 1 2 3 4 5
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65. Antibiotics are used to treat infectious diseases caused by ____________________.1 2 3 4 5
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66. ____________________ are effective at treating strep throat, but not at treating the flu.1 2 3 4 5
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67. Any opening in the skin is a potential entrance for ____________________.1 2 3 4 5
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68. The distinction between specific and nonspecific immune defenses is whether the defense targets ____________________ pathogens or all pathogens. 1 2 3 4 5
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69. A ____________________ T cell activates other T cells and B cells, whereas a killer T cell binds to infected cells. 1 2 3 4 5
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70. Killer T cells attack pathogens in ____________________ immunity.1 2 3 4 5
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71. During an allergy attack, antigens bind to ____________________, which release ____________________.1 2 3 4 5
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72. Lupus erythematosus occurs when the immune system attacks the connective tissues of the body. This is an example of a(an) _________________________ disease. 1 2 3 4 5
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73. A person who has ____________________ is likely to suffer from a number of other rare infections because this virus attacks the immune system. 1 2 3 4 5
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74. Unlike a benign tumor, a(an) ____________________ tumor is likely to ____________________ surrounding healthy tissue. 1 2 3 4 5
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75. ____________________ is the intentional use of biological agents to disable or kill individuals.1 2 3 4 5
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76. Eating foods that are low in saturated fat and ____________________ may help prevent obesity.1 2 3 4 5
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77. What are three causes of disease?1 2 3 4 5
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78. Why do you think blood is tested before it is given to another person?1 2 3 4 5
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79. Acyclovir is sometimes used to treat chickenpox and mononucleosis
Acyclovir is sometimes used to treat chickenpox and mononucleosis. This drug works by inhibiting the synthesis of viral DNA. Can acyclovir be considered an antibiotic? Why or why not? 1 2 3 4 5
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80. What are antibiotics? 1 2 3 4 5
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81. What role do interferons play in the immune system
What role do interferons play in the immune system? Are they effective against all pathogens? 1 2 3 4 5
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82. How does the skin act as a nonspecific defense against pathogens?1 2 3 4 5
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83. Measles (rubeola) and German measles (rubella) are caused by different viruses. If you have recovered from rubeola, are you protected against infection with rubella? Why or why not? 1 2 3 4 5
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84. How do allergies occur? 1 2 3 4 5
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85. Describe the mechanism that causes allergies.1 2 3 4 5
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86. What causes autoimmune diseases?1 2 3 4 5
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87. Zidovudine (AZT) is a drug that inhibits the enzyme HIV needs to multiply. What effect would you expect AZT to have on the number of T cells in an HIV-infected person’s blood and immune system overall? 1 2 3 4 5
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88. What effects does HIV have on the immune system?1 2 3 4 5
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89. What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor?1 2 3 4 5
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90. List four behaviors that will help maintain your overall health.1 2 3 4 5
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91. Describe three air quality factors that can be risk factors for health problems.1 2 3 4 5
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92. Identify three main causes of disease
Identify three main causes of disease. Give an example of a disease caused by each factor you discuss. 1 2 3 4 5
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93. Rabies is a serious, and often fatal, viral infection that affects mainly wild mammals. Most humans who contract rabies get it from the bite of an infected dog. In the United States, all pet dogs are required to have a rabies vaccination each year because any wild mammal can potentially transmit the virus to a dog. Based on this information, identify the vectors for rabies transmission to humans and to dogs. Also, describe measures that can be taken to prevent the spread of rabies. 1 2 3 4 5
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94. Many bacteria can be divided into two groups based on the structure and chemical composition of their cell wall. Gram-positive bacteria have a simpler cell wall than Gram-negative bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria have an outer membrane in the cell wall and are more resistant to antibiotics. Based on what you know about how antibiotics fight bacteria, explain why antibiotics are less effective against Gram-negative bacteria. 1 2 3 4 5
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95. Describe the inflammatory response in terms of a wound.1 2 3 4 5
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96. Describe active and passive immunity and explain how an individual develops each type.1 2 3 4 5
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97. Over the last 30 years, the number of people afflicted with asthma has increased greatly. Some researchers claim that their studies show a link between asthma and air pollution. Other researchers say that the evidence is not clear. Based on what you’ve learned about asthma, do you think it’s possible that air pollution could cause asthma or make it worse? How could you test your hypothesis? Explain your answer 1 2 3 4 5
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98. Before a person receives an organ from another person, he or she is first given very strong drugs to weaken the immune system. Otherwise, the immune system will attack the new organ. What causes the attack? Is this a form of autoimmune disease? Why or why not? 1 2 3 4 5
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99. When a person is first infected with HIV, the body produces many antibodies against HIV and the number of viruses in the blood decreases significantly. Although the antibody level remains high, the number of viruses in the blood increases over time and the number of T cells decreases. Explain these typical lab results based on how HIV affects the immune system. 1 2 3 4 5
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100. Explain how radiation and chemicals can cause cancer.1 2 3 4 5
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101. Give at least three reasons why it is important to eat a healthful diet.1 2 3 4 5
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