1. Stockman’s Practice Info
Quiz Info
&
Questions

2. Bovine = Beef Male = Bull Female = Cow Calf Young Female = Heifer
Castrated Male =
Steer

3. Ovine = Sheep Male = Ram Female = Ewe Lamb Young Female = Ewe
Castrated Male =
Wether

4. Porcine = Swine Male = Boar Female = Sow Piglet Young Female = Gilt
Castrated Male =
Barrow

5. Body Temperature Horse = 100.7 Beef = 101.5 102.3 Swine = 102.5
Lager Animal = Lower Temp
Beef =
101.5
Sheep =
102.3
Swine =
102.5
Chicken =
107.1

6. Gestation = days an animal is pregnant Beef = 287 days (9 1/2 months
Sheep =
147 days (5 months)
Swine =
114 days (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days)
Horse =
(11 months)

7. Estrous Cycle= Beef = 21 days Sheep = 17 days 21 days Horse = 21 days
Length from one “heat” to the next
Beef =
21 days
Sheep =
17 days
Swine =
21 days
Horse =
21 days

8. Estrus = Beef = 12 hours Sheep = 12 hours 12 hours Horse = 3-5 days
“Heat” - time when an animal is ready for breeding
Beef =
12 hours
Sheep =
12 hours
Swine =
12 hours
Horse =
3-5 days

9. Dressing Percent(%)= Swine = 70% Beef = 60% 50%
The amount of product you expect to get once an animal is slaughtered
Swine =
70%
Beef =
60%
Sheep =
50%

10. Ideal Slaughter Weight & Age
Swine =
240 lbs month
Beef =
1200 lbs year
Sheep =
125 lbs months

11. Abbreviations

12. More offspring = greater Accuracy of the EPD for the animal
Expected Progeny Difference
the difference in performance from the progeny (offspring) of a bull as compared to the progeny of the “average” bull.
different (number) value for each breed
More offspring = greater Accuracy of the EPD for the animal
TDN =
Total Digestible Nutrients
A measure of Energy in a feedstuff.
Increasing TDN(Energy) = Increase rate of gain

13. CAB = DCB = Certified Angus Beef Dark Cutting Beef
This program was started in 1978
A way to MARKET Angus Beef Products
Set certain standards to guarantee the consumer a good product.
DCB =
Dark Cutting Beef
The muscle in the carcass take on a dark “purple-black” color
Caused by STRESS to the animal before slaughter.

14. PSE = MGA = Pale, Soft & Excudative (Watery) Melengesterol Acetate
Effects Pork
The lean (muscle) appears pale, feels soft and appears watery
Caused by STRESS to the animal before slaughter
MGA =
Melengesterol Acetate
Drug FED to cattle to prevent them from coming into heat

15. Terms to Know

16. Colostrum = Weaning = Mother’s first milk
High in Antibodies - protect against illness & disease
Rich in Nutrients
Newborn MUST receive colostrum in first 24 hours
Weaning =
Permanently separating the young from it’s mother

17. Frame Score = Condition Score = Cloning =
Estimate of size used in cattle
Condition Score =
Estimated of body fat levels
Score (1 = very thin----9 = very fat, 5,6,7 = ideal)
Thin Cows don’t breed back or milk well
Fat cows will have calving trouble
Cloning =
Taking the DNA from one animal and implanting it into a stem cell to make an exact genetic copy of the original animal.

18. Dystocia = Lactation = Gestation = Embryo Transfer =
Difficulty/Trouble giving birth
Lactation =
The time when a female is producing milk
Gestation =
The time when a female is pregnant
Embryo Transfer =
Moving a fertilized egg(s) from a donor female to one or more female recipients
Why do Embryo Transfer? - get more genetic material (offspring) from a really good female, QUICKLY.

19. Open = Ultrasound = Artificial Insemination(AI) =
Placing semen the the reproductive tract of a female by a technician (human) with a tool.
Why do AI? - Spread the genetics of a really good male animal around to a lot of females. Get more offspring QUICKLY.
Open =
An animal that is not bred (pregnant)
Ultrasound =
Process used in which sound waves are send into the animals body to take a picture
Ultrasound is used to determine pregnancy or carcass traits

20. Legumes don’t need nitrogen fertilizer
Concentrate =
The grain portion of a diet
Roughage =
The fiber portion of a diet
Legume =
A plant that takes nitrogen from the air and puts it into the ground.
Ex: Alfalfa, Soybeans, Clover
Legumes don’t need nitrogen fertilizer
Bloat =
An accumulation of gas in the rumen, causes it to get larger and become uncomfortable to the animal
- gas must be relieved or animal will die

21. As Fed = Dry Matter = Feeds that contain their normal amount of water
Feed after water has been removed
As Fed  Dry Matter = taking water out
# should get smaller (multiply)
Dry matter  As Fed = adding water
# should get larger (divide)
Example: We want to feed 300 lbs. of dry matter from corn to a group of calves. Our High Moisture Corn is 75% Dry Matter. How much corn should we feed?
300/.75 = 400 lbs.

22. Birth Weight = Weaning Weight = Yearling Weight =
Weight on an animal at birth
Weaning Weight =
Weight of an animal when it is weaned
Weight Weight shows how well the calf grew while on it’s mothers milk
Yearling Weight =
Weight of an animal at a year old (market weight)
Yearling Weight shows how well the animal grew on it’s own
These terms are EPD values used when comparing animals in a group or bulls

23. Litter Size = 21 day weight = Days to 230 lbs =
# of pigs in the litter
21 day weight =
weight of piglet at 21 days old “weaning”
21 day weight shows how well the piglet grew while on it’s mothers milk
Days to 230 lbs =
How many day it took for the pig to grow to 230 lbs. “growth rate”
Few the days the better, more efficient pig
Combines the above traits to rank sow on productivity
SPI (Sow Productivity Index) =
These terms are EPD values used when comparing animals in a group or bulls

24. Polled = Dehorn = Castrate = Dock = Flushing = Naturally without horns
To remove horns
Castrate =
To remove testicles from male animals
Dock =
To remove the tail
Flushing =
Giving a female extra feed prior to breeding to increase ovulation rate & pregnancy rate

25. Calving = Lambing = Farrowing = Cesarean Section = A cow giving birth
A sheep giving birth
Farrowing =
A pig giving birth
What is the normal delivery position for a calf, lamb or foal?
Front feet first with head between legs.
Cesarean Section =
Cutting the side of the mother open and removing the baby through the opening during a difficult birth

26. Growth Rate & Maturity Who grows the fastest? Who matures the fastest?
Bull Steer Heifer
Boar Barrow Gilt
Ram Wether Ewe
Fastest
Slowest
Who matures the fastest?
Slowest
Fastest

27. Hormones to Know Testosterone = Male hormone Estrogen = Female hormone
Responsible for development for male characteristics
Produced by the Testicles
Estrogen =
Female hormone
Responsible for causing a female animal to come into “heat”
Produced in the ovary
Progesterone =
Female hormone
Responsible for maintaining pregnancy
Produced in the ovary

28. Hormones to Know FSH = Female hormone Oxytocin =
(Follicle Stimulating Hormone)
Female hormone
Stimulates follicle to grow and develop
Produced by pituitary gland
Oxytocin =
Hormone responsible for starting labor and controlling milk letdown in female animals
Adrenaline =
Hormone released when an animal is under stress

29. Diseases

30. White Muscle Disease = Grass Tetany =
Stiff Lamb Disease
Caused by a lack of VITAMIN E & SELENIUM
Solution = feed good commercial mineral to the moma’s AND/OR give an injection at birth
Grass Tetany =
Caused by a lack of MAGNESIUM in lush forages
Solution = feed a good High Magnesium mineral

31. Shipping Fever = Sore Mouth =
Respiratory disease caused by a virus and/or bacteria
Usually associated with animals that have been bought at a livestock market and stressed during transportation
Solution = vaccinate against shipping fever or treat disease with Sulfur Drugs (AS700)
Sore Mouth =
Lambs will develop sore on mouth - Caused by a virus - can be passed to humans
Solution = vaccinate against disease

32. Pneumonia = Urinary Calculi = “Water Belly”
Disease of the lung caused by a virus and/or bacteria - inflammation of the lung tissue due to stress
Solution = Treat animal with antibiotics. Keep animal warm & dry.
Urinary Calculi =
“Water Belly”
Lambs will develop deposits “stones” in the urinary tract - caused by incorrect Calcium:Phosphorus Ratio
Solution = Provide plenty of fresh, clean water. Keep Ca:P Ratio at 2 parts calcium to 1 part phosphorus. Treat with Ammonium Chloride

33. Mastitis = Enterotoxemia = Pink-Eye =
Infection of the mammary gland( udder) - caused by a bacteria
Solution = Treat animal with antibiotic.
Enterotoxemia =
“Over-Eating Disease”
Caused by a toxin - usually in lambs on high grain diets
Solution = Vaccinate with type C & D Tetnus Toxoid
Disease of the eye -
Caused by dust, seedheads, flies & sunlight
Pink-Eye =
Solution = Treat animals with disease. Keep pastures clipped and areas clean to PREVENT disease.

34. Rhinitis = Milk Fever = Swine Respiratory disease - TWISTED SNOUTS
Solution = Vaccinate, medicate feed & improve ventilation in barn
Caused by a low calcium levels in the blood - usually occurs soon after giving birth
Milk Fever =
Solution = Treat animal with IV Calcium Solution

35. Scours =
Diarrhea, DEHYDRATION & weakness. Caused by a bacteria or a virus.
Biggest problem is DEHYDRATION
Solution = Give fluids (electrolytes) & treat with antibiotics
Foot rot =
Caused by a bacteria in the SOIL.
Solution = Remove animals from infected area and wet areas. Treat often with disinfectants until gone.
Vaccine is available - not that effective

36. Pregnancy Toxemia = Founder =
Caused by lack of energy & poor nutrition in late pregnancy
Solution = Have a good feeding program in late pregnancy - feed “some” grain, but prevent overfattening. Treat with IV glucose solutions
Founder =
Lameness - caused by feeding too much grain.
Front hooves grow long
Solution = monitor diet, trim feet

37. Brucellosis = (Bang’s Disease)
Leptospirosis =
Reproductive disease that causes abortions.
Solution = Vaccination every year
Brucellosis = (Bang’s Disease)
Causes abortions
VA is a Brucellosis FREE state
Solution = Calfhood vaccinations
No Treatment - must cull (kill) diseased animals

38. Coccidiosis Ringworn = Roundworm = Lice =
Intestinal disease caused by the coccidia organism. Bloody scours is a sign.
Coccidiosis
Solution = Prevent it by feeding a coccidiastat medication. Treat using Sulfur drugs
Ringworn =
Parasite of the skin
Roundworm =
Internal parasite
Lice =
External parasite

39. Animal Health Vaccine = Antibiotic = Probiotic = Deworming =
Given to an animal to PREVENT a disease
Antibiotic =
Given to an animal to TREAT a disease
Probiotic =
“Bugs”(yeast, lactobacillus, etc…) given to an animal to improve healthiness if the animal.
Deworming =
Process of TREATING cattle to remove worms
Insecticide =
Process of TREATING cattle to remove parasites like lice

40. Withdrawl Period = Cattle Grubs = Insecticide =
Time you must wait between giving a vaccine and using the meat or milk for human consumption
Cattle Grubs =
Larvae of the heel fly.
Enter through heel, live in the spine
This is why you should not worm cattle between Nov 15 & Feb 15
Insecticide =
Process of TREATING cattle to remove parasites like lice

41. Why do we need to deworm cattle?
Parasites (worms) make cattle unthrifty
reduce weight gains, poor hair coats, reduce immunity to diseases
Ways to Deworm Animals
Injection - under the skin
Drench - down the throat
Feeding - ingest drug
Pour-on - on the back

42. Worm (parasite) Exposure
Which type/class of animal is most affected by parasites?
Newborn Calf
Feeder Steer on Pasture
Feedlot Steer
Cow nursing a calf on Pasture
Cattle get worms from eating grass. For the feeder steer on pasture the first exposure is the worst. Cows have had previous exposure so have some immunity.

43. Bovatec and Rumensin are examples
Implant =
Put a slow release hormone pellet in the ear of cattle (Ralgro, Synovex, etc..)
Implants increase rate of gain, feed efficiency
and a leaner carcass
Product (not a hormone) added to feed to increase feed efficiency, rate of gain and acts to prevent coccidiosis.
Ionophores =
Bovatec and Rumensin are examples

44. ALWAYS in the neck area, NEVER In the rear end (meat)
Types of Injections
IM = Intramuscular =
In the muscle
SubQ = Sub-Cutaneous =
Under the skin
ALWAYS in the neck area, NEVER In the rear end (meat)
IN = Intranasal =
In the nasal passage “nose”
IV = Intravenous =
In the vein
** Fastest way to get medicine into an animal system **

45. Needles Guage = Length = Diameter of the needle
Bigger the # = smaller the diameter
Biggest Diameter
Smallest Diameter
Length =
How long the needle is
Bigger the # = longer the needle
Ex: 1/2”, 1” or 1 1/2”

46. Sheep Terms Class Grade Wool Traits Staple Length = Fineness =
Length of the wool fiber
Grade
** Biggest Factor affecting VALUE of the wool
Fineness =
Diameter “width”of the wool fiber
Plastic Fiber from wool bags is the BIGGEST wool contaminant.
Mutton =
Meat from sheep over 1 year of age
determine by lack of “break joint”

47. Use teeth to determine sheep’s age
Sheep Age
Use teeth to determine sheep’s age
2 permanent teeth
4 permanent teeth
No permanent teeth
1 set
2 sets
6 permanent teeth
4 sets
MATURE
6 permanent teeth
3 sets

48. Baby Pig Processing 5 things are done to baby pigs at birth:
1. Cut off the needle teeth
2. Give iron shot to prevent anemia
3. Tail docking
4. Castration
5. Ear notching
“identification”

49. Reproduction Heifers should be bred at ? months of age.
15 months or 2/3 of mature weight
Free Martin =
Heifer born twin to a bull
** Usually Infertile/Sterile
Cryptorchid =
Male animal with one testicle up in the body cavity
Stag =
Male animal castrated after sexual maturity

50. Carcass Terms Yield Grade = Quality Grade =
Amount of lean, fat & bones
Measure the quantity of boneless, closely trimmed retail cuts from a carcass
Estimated lean meat a carcass will produce
CUTABILITY
Quality Grade =
How good the meat will appear & taste for the consumer
PALATABILITY

51. Beef Yield Grades Scale of 1 ---------5
(trim) (fat)
Beef Yield Grades are determined by 4 Things:
1. Amount of fat 10th rib)
2. Hot Carcass Weight
3. Rib-eye Area
4. Amount of KPH Fat (kidney, pelvic & heart fat)

52. Prime, Choice, Select, Standard, Commercial, Utility Cutter, Canner
Beef Quality Grades
Prime, Choice, Select, Standard, Commercial, Utility Cutter, Canner
Best Worst
Beef Quality Grades are determined by 2 Things:
1. Marbiling - Intramuscular fat
Flecks of fat within the lean meat
Evaluated at the 12th - 13th rib
2. Maturity - Age of the animal
Look at bone & cartilage

53. Pork Yield Grades Scale of 1 --------- 4
(trim) (fat)
Pork Yield Grades are determined by 2 Things:
1. Back Fat Thickness
2. Muscling - amount of lean meat

54. Pork Quality Grades Acceptable - gray-pink color & firm, some marbling
Unacceptable - dark, soft, watery
Quality of lean is observed at the 10th - 11th ribs

55. ** Most Important Factor **
Lamb Yield Grades
Scale of
(trim) (fat)
Lamb Yield Grades are determined by 3 Things:
1. Fat thickness - measured at 12th - 13th rib
** Most Important Factor **
2. Leg Score - conformation (“meatiness”) of the leg
3. KP fat (kidney & pelvic fat)

56. Prime, Choice, Good, Utility
Lamb Quality Grades
Prime, Choice, Good, Utility
Lamb Yield Grades are determined by 4 factors:
1. Comformation - evaluate overall muscling & thickness
2. Maturity - age of carcass - lamb vs. mutton
lamb(under 1 year old)- will have a break joint
3. Flank Streaking - marbling in the flank muscle
4. Flank Firmness - firmness of the meat
Lamb Carcasses are NOT RIBBED or SPLIT to during slaughter to Quality or Yield Grades

57. Sr. Quiz Problems

58. Average Daily Gain ( pounds gained per day)
ADG
Average Daily Gain ( pounds gained per day)
Example: In January your steer project weighed 650 lbs. He has been eating 30 lbs/day of grain and hay for 200 days. He now weighs 1250 lbs. What is his ADG.
Final Weight - Beginning Weight = Average Daily Gain
Days of Feed
1250 lbs lbs = = 6
200 days = = 2
3.0 lbs/Day - ADG

59. The amount of feed lb. of gain
Feed Efficiency
The amount of feed lb. of gain
Example: Your steer has put on 90 lbs. in the last 30 days and eaten 450 lbs. of feed. What is his feed efficiency?
450 lbs = 90 lbs
5.0 lbs / lb of gain

60. Feed Conversion (Feed Efficiency)
Feed per Lb. of Gain
You bought lb. feeder pigs for $60 each. In 100 days they have gained an average 200 lbs each. The group consumed 2000 lbs of feed. What is the groups average feed conversion.
400 lbs of feed/pig
200 lbs of gain
= 2 lbs of feed per lb of gain

61. Break-Even Cost
You bought lb. feeder steers for $.80/lb each. Upon arrival at your farm you vaccinated and dewormed the calves at a cost of $5.00.head. In 100 days they have gained an average 200 lbs each. The group consumed 6300 lbs of feed at a cost of $170/ton. You are thinking about selling the calves What live price /cwt (hundredweight) would you have to make money on these calves.

62. Total Cost = $2560.50 (for all calves)
1. What are your costs?
Calves = 500 x .80 = $400 x 5 = $2000 cost of calves
Feed = 6300 lbs/2000 = 3.15 tons x $170/ton = $535.50
Medications = $5.00 x 5 = $25.00
Total Cost = $ (for all calves)
2. What do they calves weigh NOW = 700 lbs (7 cwt)
3. Break-even
$ / 5 calves = $ cost of each calf
$ / 7 cwt (700 lbs) = $73.16 per calf to break-even

63. Total Cost /lb of Gain
You bought lb. feeder steers for $.80/lb each. Upon arrival at your farm you vaccinated and dewormed the calves at a cost of $5.00.head. In 100 days they have gained an average 200 lbs each. The group consumed 6300 lbs of feed at a cost of $170/ton. You are thinking about selling the calves What live price /cwt (hundredweight) would you have to make money on these calves.

64. Total Cost = $2560.50 (for all calves)
1. What are you costs?
Calves = 500 x .80 = $400 x 5 = $2000 cost of calves
Feed = 6300 lbs/2000 = 3.15 tons x $170/ton = $535.50
Medications = $5.00 x 5 = $25.00
Total Cost = $ (for all calves)
2. How much did they gain
200 lbs each x 5 = 10,000 lbs
3. Cost/Lb of Gain
10,000 lbs/$ = $3.91/lb.

65. Carcass Weight & Price
You have 5 steers you recently sent to market. Their total live weight was 6500 lbs. Their total carcass weight was 4675 lbs. All the cattle graded choice. You received a check for $ for the group
1. What was the average live weight per steer ?
6500 lbs / 5 steers = 1300 lbs
2. What was the average dressing % for the group?
4675 lbs carcass / 6500 lbs live = 71.92%

66. Carcass Weight & Price
You have 5 steers you recently sent to market. Their total live weight was 6500 lbs. Their total carcass weight was 4675 lbs. All the cattle graded choice. You received a check for $ for the group
3. What was the average price per head ?
$ / 5 steers = $898.03
4. What was the average carcass price /cwt ?
$ / cwt (4675 lbs.) = $96.05/cwt
5. What live price per hundredweight would net you the same income?
$ / cwt (6500 lbs.) = $69.08/cwt