1. Plant Evolution & Roots
By: Adi Beal and Madi McDade

2. Importance of Plants Botany- the study of plants
Plants have a lot of diversity

3. Steps of Evolution
1st Step: Multicellular 2nd Step: Move onto Land 3rd Step: Vascular System 4th Step: Seeds 5th Step: Flowers & Fruits

4. 1st Step: Multicellular
Aquatic organisms
Get support from water
Before multicellular
Volvox
Colony of individual cells that cooperate
First multicellular plant
Red Algae
Rhodophyta

5. Volvox Video

6. 2nd Step: Move onto Land
Mosses had no adaptations for life away from water
First terrestrial plants
Bryophyta
Need ozone to block out UV rays which damage DNA
More cellulose for structure
Get water through roots

7. UV Damage Diagram

8. 3rd Step: Vascular System
True roots and stems
Xylem
Phloem
Waxing coating on leaves to conserve water
Obtain CO2 through stomata, which close at night to prevent water loss

9. Stomata Diagram

10. 4th Step: Seeds Dispersed by wind, water, and animals
Spore-individual cells that clump and each contain embryo, an endosperm, and seed coat
Gymnosperms
Seeds are not covered by a true fruit

11. Gymnosperms Activity
ms.htm

12. Seed Dispersal Diagram

13. Seed Video

14. 5th Step: Fruits & Flowers
Fruit- plant structure which results from the pollination of a flower and contains a seed
Fruit may protect the seed
Angiosperms- flowering plant that produce seeds enclosed in a fruit
Flowers produce the reproductive part of the plant
Flowers attract pollinators like bees, bats, and butterflies

15. Angiosperm Activity
s.htm

16. Plant Reproduction Diagram

17. Plant Evolution Video

18. Plant Adaptations Waxy Cuticle Stomata Reproduction Vascular Tissues
Spores
Seeds
Vascular Tissues
Xylem
Phloem

19. Why Do Plants Adapt Activity
adaptations.htm

20. Monocot vs. Dicot Flowers
Parts in threes or multiples of threes
Dicot
Parts in fours or fives or multiples of fours and fives

21. Monocot vs. Dicot Leaves
Smooth often narrow shapes with parallel veins
Dicot
Oval or hand-like shapes with neck-like veins

22. Monocot vs. Dicot Vascular Tissue
Vascular bundles scattered through stem
Dicot
Vascular bundles arranged in ring around stem

23. Monocot vs. Dicot Root Pattern
Fibrous root system
Dicot
Taproot system

24. Monocot vs. Dicot Embryo in Seed
Embryo has one cotyledon (seed leaf)
Dicot
Embryo has two cotyledons (seed leaves)

25. Monocot Examples Lilies Tulips Bananas Pineapples Onions Corn Rice
Oats

26. Dicot Examples
Beans
Lettuce
Oak
Maple
Roses
Daises

27. Monocots vs. Dicot Video

28. Monocot vs. Dicot Activity

29. Tissue Types Vascular tissue
Xylem- transports water to plant
Phloem- transports food and minerals
Apical Meristem- responsible for upward growth in plant and produces cells that will eventually specialize

30. Meristem

31. Types of Roots Primary Root- the first root that appears out of a seed
Taproot- primary root grows thicker and longer with secondary roots growing off of it
Fibrous root- primary root branches off into many small roots
Lateral root- extend horizontally from primary root and anchor plant securely in the soil
Aerial root- root exposed to air and absorbs moisture
Adventitious root- a root that grows above ground or in an odd place

32. Root Types

33. Root Structure
Root Cap- hard protective layer, prevents breakage as plant pushed through soil, secretes slimy lubrication
Root hairs- increase surface area of root so more water and nutrients can be absorbed, main entry point of water
Epidermis- waterproof outermost layer, protection
Cortex- many layers of parenchyma cells, stores starch for energy
Endodermis- innermost cylinder of cortex, waterproof, regulates movement of water and minerals into vascular tissue

34. Root Structure (cont.)
6. Pericylce- outermost layer of cells of the steel, goes through cell division creating root hairs
7. Root system- constantly provides the stem and leaves with water and dissolved minerals
8. Root tip- where mitosis occurs
9. Permeable membrane-layer of the cell where water and nutrients can pass through

35. Root Structure Diagram

36. Root Growth

37. Root Activity
stems.htm

38. Fun Facts!!
Roots are the parts of plain that grow down into soil or water, anchoring it and soaking up all the water and minerals the plant needs to grow.
In some plants such as beetroots, the roots are also a food store.
When a seed begins to grow, its first root is called a primary root.
This branches into secondary roots.
Roots are protected at the end by a thimble shaped root cap as they probe through the soil.
How plants live On every root there are tiny hairs that help it to take up water and minerals.
Some plants, such as carrots, have a single large root, called a taproot, with just a few fine roots branching off.
Some plants, such as grass, have lots of small roots, called fibrous roots, branching off in all directions.
Some kinds of orchid that live on trees have ‘aerial’ roots that cling to the branches.
Mistletoe has roots that penetrate its host tree.
Roots are delicious when boiled or pickled. The roots of the South African wild fig tree can grow 120 m down into the ground.