Introduction to Psychology and Its Research Methods

Introduction to Psychology and Its Research Methods
Chapter One Introduction to Psychology and Its Research Methods © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

INTRODUCING PSYCHOLOGY
© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Why Study Psychology? Increase your understanding of yourself and others Better your social relations and enhance your career Broaden your general education Improve your critical thinking © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is Psychology? Scientific Methods and Thinking
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes SCIENCE BEHAVIOR MENTAL PROCESSES Scientific is a key part of the definition of psychology. Psychological science collects and evaluates information using systematic observations and measurements. Behavior is anything we do that can be directly observed and recorded—talking, sleeping, text messaging, etc. Mental processes are our private, internal experiences—thoughts, perceptions, feelings, memories—that cannot be observed directly. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Critical Thinking What are the advantages? Process of objectively evaluating, comparing, analyzing, and synthesizing information More independent thinker Better decision maker More effective problem solver © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

True or False? Actions speak louder than words. Beauty is only skin deep. Cry and you cry alone. Marry in haste, repent at leisure. Familiarity breeds contempt. Opposites attract. Misery loves company. Spare the rod, spoil the child. The squeaky wheel gets the grease. Birds of a feather flock together. Engage Your Students!! Psychology helps us scientifically evaluate common beliefs and misconceptions about behavior and mental processes. For example, ask your students if they can identify which of the beliefs on the following slide are true or false. Have them write down their answers. ANSWER KEY Actions speak louder than words. True ̶–When students watched videotapes of people whose self-descriptions conflicted with their actual behavior on characteristics such as "shy" and "friendly," their judgments were influenced much more strongly by what the people did than by what they said. 2. Beauty is only skin deep. False ̶–Attractive people turn out to have higher self-esteem and to be better treated than less attractive people. (We discuss the issue of physical attractiveness in detail in Chapter 16.) 3. Cry and you cry alone. True ̶–Students who had talked on the phone to depressed people are not interested in spending time with these people, compared to students who had talked to non-depressed people. 4. Marry in haste, repent at leisure. True ̶–People who marry young or after just a short courtship are more likely to seek a divorce later on, in comparison to those who marry after age 20 or after a long courtship. Familiarity breeds contempt. False ̶–In a variety of studies, people have indicated their preference for items (such as words, symbols, and photos) that they have seen frequently. 6. Opposites attract. False ̶–Research shows that proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity are the three most important factors in interpersonal attraction. (We discuss these factors in some detail in Chapter 16.) Misery loves company. True ̶–Depressed people are more likely to seek emotional support from persons who are also depressed. 8. Spare the rod, spoil the child. False ̶–Children who are severely punished when young are more likely to develop psychological problems in adulthood than are those whose parents "spared the rod." 9. The squeaky wheel gets the grease. True ̶–When management students were asked to decide the salary levels of various job candidates, they awarded higher salaries to the applicants who had requested higher salaries. 10. Birds of a feather flock together. True ̶–Similarity is the single best predictor of long-term relationships (both friendships and love). (Use this item to point out the problems with "common sense" versus scientific studies. Note the contradictions between this item and #6, and even #5.) © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Pseudopsychologies Give the appearance of science but are FALSE, including: Psychics Mediums Palmists Astrologers The AMAZING Randi “The Amazing Randi:” Magician James Randi has dedicated his life to educating the public about fraudulent pseudopsychologists. Along with the prestigious MacArthur Foundation, Randi has offered $1 million to “anyone who proves a genuine psychic power under proper observing conditions.” After many years, the money has never been collected. If you would like more information, visit Randi’s website at (About James Randi, 2002; Randi, 1997; The amazing meeting, 2011.) © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

The FOUR Goals of Psychology Describe What is the nature of the behavior or mental process? “Boys are more aggressive than girls.” Explain Why does this behavior or mental process occur? “Research indicates that there are numerous interacting causes or explanations for aggression, including culture, learning, genes, brain damage, and high levels of testosterone.” Predict When will this behavior or mental process occur? “Knowing that alcohol leads to increased aggression, we can predict that more fights will erupt in places where alcohol is consumed than in those where alcohol isn’t consumed.” Change How can we CHANGE this behavior or mental process? Psychologists help people improve their work environment, stop addictive behaviors, become less depressed, improve their family relationships Engage Your Students!! TED Talks: Derek Sivers (3:10) With help from some surprising footage, Derek Sivers explains how movements really get started. (Hint: it takes two.) Show this short video to your class and ask them what Sivers has DESCRIBED, what EXPLANATIONS he has offered, what PREDICTIONS he could make if his hypothesis is correct (and this is a good time to talk to them about HOW Sivers’ hypothesis could be tested),and what CHANGES people might make in response to this information. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Which Goal of Psychology is Represented by Each Example?
Researchers have recently identified a gene that predisposes certain individuals to become obese because their satiety mechanism doesn‘t “turn on.” Some developmental psychologists believe that many more playground accidents will occur this year among young children who watch violent cartoons. Comprehensive sex education should be required in all high schools because studies demonstrate that such education has reduced the teenage pregnancy rate. Surveys show that women who graduate from college earn as much money per year as men who graduate from high school. Engage Your Students!! 1. Researchers have recently identified a gene that predisposes certain individuals to become obese because their satiety mechanism doesn't turn on. Goal = Explain ̶–This research answers the question of why people become obese. 2. Some developmental psychologists believe that many more playground accidents will occur this year among young children who watch violent cartoons. Goal = Predict ̶–Psychologists' statement attempts to guess what will happen in the future. 3. Comprehensive sex education should be required in all high schools because studies demonstrate that such education has reduced the teenage pregnancy rate. Goal = Change ̶–Statement suggests attempts to change (control) behavior leading to reduced pregnancy rates. 4. Surveys show that women who graduate from college earn as much money per year as men who graduate from high school. Goa l= Describe ̶–Survey results simply describe what exists in the world. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology at Work: Sample Careers and Specialties in Psychology
Engage Your Students!! This interview with young, dynamic researcher Laurie Santos provides students an example of an academic psychologist discussing their current research—monkeynomics! The Big Think: Laurie Santos (31:07) In this interview with Dr. Santos, a dynamic comparative psychologist at Yale, she discusses how her current research with Capuchin monkeys may provide a model for understanding early human cognition. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

ENGAGE YOUR STUDENTS!! This interview with young, dynamic researcher Laurie Santos provides students an example of an academic psychologist discussing their current research—monkeynomics! The Big Think: Laurie Santos (31:07) In this interview with Dr. Santos, a dynamic comparative psychologist at Yale, she discusses how her current research with Capuchin monkeys may provide a model for understanding early human cognition. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

What Can I Do with My Bachelor’s Degree in Psychology?
Ten most popular jobs for psychology majors © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Psychology’s Past A Brief History STRUCTURALISM FUNCTIONALISM PSYCHOANALYSIS Sought to identify the structure of mental life by identifying “elements” of conscious experience combined to form the “compounds” of the mind, via introspection. Sought to identify the functions of experience , i.e., why do we experience anger and what value does it have? Focused on unconscious processes and unresolved conflicts that influence current behavior. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Modern Psychology’s Seven Perspectives

Biopsychosocial Model
This unifying and integrative model views biological processes psychological factors and social forces as interrelated influences that interact with the seven major perspectives © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Types of Research Basic Research Applied Research Research conducted to advance scientific knowledge Meets the goals of describe, explain and predict Research designed to solve practical problems Meets the goal of change Basic research is typically conducted in universities or research laboratories by researchers interested in advancing general scientific understanding—knowledge for its own sake without known real-world uses. Discoveries linking aggression to testosterone, genes, learning, and other factors came primarily from basic research. Applied research is generally conducted outside the laboratory, and it meets the fourth goal of psychology—to change existing real-world problems. Applied research has designed programs for conflict resolution and counseling for perpetrators and victims of violence. It also has generated important safety and design improvements in automobiles, airplanes, stovetop burner arrangements, and even cell phones and computer keypads. Ancestry and Obesity Why do African-American women have a higher risk of obesity, while European-American women have a higher risk of osteoporosis? As this ScienCentral News video reports, genetics researchers are attacking these questions through the touchy topic of race. WILEY VIDEO Ancestry and Obesity © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Six Steps of the Scientific Method Cycle

Important Terms! Hypothesis Specific, testable prediction about how one factor, or variable, is related to another Operational Definition Precise description of how the variables in a study will be observed and measured (for example, drug abuse might be operationally defined as “the number of missed work days due to excessive use of an addictive substance”) Statistical Significance Statistical statement of how likely it is that a study’s result occurred merely by chance Engage Your Students!! TED Talks: Joachim de Posada: Don’t eat the marshmallow yet (6.02) In this short talk from TED U, Joachim de Posada shares a landmark experiment on delayed gratification ̶–and how it can predict future success. With priceless video of kids trying their hardest not to eat the marshmallow. This video can be used to demonstrate hypothesis testing, prediction, cross-cultural research, operational definitions, and to begin a discussion of statistical significance. In a follow-up on the original study, Jonah Lehrer reported that preschoolers who waited the full 15 minutes grew into teens with SAT scores that were, on average, 215 points higher than the tots who ate the marshmallow in the first 30 seconds. Delayed Gratification → Success. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Three Areas of Ethical Concern
Area One Respecting the Rights of Human Participants Informed consent Voluntary participation Restricted use of deception and debriefing Confidentiality Alternative activities Informed consent One of the first research principles is obtaining an informed consent from all participants before initiating an experiment. Participants should be aware of the nature of the study and significant factors that might influence their willingness to participate. This includes all physical risks, discomfort, or unpleasant emotional experiences. Voluntary participation Participants should be told they are free to decline to participate or to withdraw from the research at any time. Restricted use of deception and debriefing If participants know the true purpose behind certain studies, they may not respond naturally. Therefore, researchers sometimes need to deceive participants as to the actual design and reason for the research. But when deception is used, important guidelines and restrictions apply, including debriefing participants at the end of the experiment. Debriefing involves explaining the reasons for conducting the research and clearing up any participant’s misconceptions, questions, or concerns. Confidentiality All information acquired about people during a study must be kept private and not published in such a way that individual rights to privacy are compromised. Alternative activities If research participation is a course requirement or an opportunity for extra credit for college students, all students must be given the choice of an alternative activity of equal value. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Area Two Respecting the Rights of Nonhuman Animal Participants Informed consent One of the first research principles is obtaining an informed consent from all participants before initiating an experiment. Participants should be aware of the nature of the study and significant factors that might influence their willingness to participate. This includes all physical risks, discomfort, or unpleasant emotional experiences. Voluntary participation Participants should be told they are free to decline to participate or to withdraw from the research at any time. Restricted use of deception and debriefing If participants know the true purpose behind certain studies, they may not respond naturally. Therefore, researchers sometimes need to deceive participants as to the actual design and reason for the research. But when deception is used, important guidelines and restrictions apply, including debriefing participants at the end of the experiment. Debriefing involves explaining the reasons for conducting the research and clearing up any participant’s misconceptions, questions, or concerns. Confidentiality All information acquired about people during a study must be kept private and not published in such a way that individual rights to privacy are compromised. Alternative activities If research participation is a course requirement or an opportunity for extra credit for college students, all students must be given the choice of an alternative activity of equal value. Pork on the Run (icon on left) Are you a couch potato? If so, you might learn a lesson from some couch pigs. As this ScienCentral News video reports, scientists studying diabetes and heart disease taught some pigs to take up jogging. Sex Cells (icon on right) Reports of fertility researchers creating an embryo that was both male and female show the 25-year-old in vitro fertilization industry is still fertile ground for controversy. In this ScienCentral News video, the scientist behind the experiment explains why he did it. In all institutions where nonhuman animal research is conducted, animal care committees are established to ensure proper treatment of research animals, to review projects, and to set guidelines that are in accordance with the APA standards. WILEY VIDEO Pork on the Run WILEY VIDEO Sex Cells © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Area Three Respecting the Rights of Psychotherapy Patients Personal information and therapy records must be kept confidential, with records being available only with the client’s permission. The public’s right to safety ethically outweighs the client’s right to privacy. Therapists are legally required to break confidentiality if a client threatens violence to him or herself or to others. Breaking of confidentiality also applies if a client is suspected of abusing a child or an elderly person. Informed consent One of the first research principles is obtaining an informed consent from all participants before initiating an experiment. Participants should be aware of the nature of the study and significant factors that might influence their willingness to participate. This includes all physical risks, discomfort, or unpleasant emotional experiences. Voluntary participation Participants should be told they are free to decline to participate or to withdraw from the research at any time. Restricted use of deception and debriefing If participants know the true purpose behind certain studies, they may not respond naturally. Therefore, researchers sometimes need to deceive participants as to the actual design and reason for the research. But when deception is used, important guidelines and restrictions apply, including debriefing participants at the end of the experiment. Debriefing involves explaining the reasons for conducting the research and clearing up any participant’s misconceptions, questions, or concerns. Confidentiality All information acquired about people during a study must be kept private and not published in such a way that individual rights to privacy are compromised. Alternative activities If research participation is a course requirement or an opportunity for extra credit for college students, all students must be given the choice of an alternative activity of equal value. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Experimental Research: A Search for Cause and Effect
ANIMATION The Art of Prediction © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

RESEARCH METHODS: EXPERIMENTAL
Fool Your Stomach (icon on left) As you sit down to turkey and everything else this Thanksgiving, you just might like to know there may soon be a way to fool your stomach into feeling like you just ate a big meal. As this ScienCentral News video reports, it's all thanks to a team of researchers and a natural hormone. Learning from Babies (icon on right) Scientific researchers who use human subjects in their work rely on their ability to speak or write to find out what they want to know. But as this Sciencentral News video reports, researchers who learn from babies don’t have that luxury. Experimental research: carefully controlled scientific procedure that manipulates variables to determine cause and effect WILEY VIDEO Fool Your Stomach WILEY VIDEO Learning from Babies © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Research Methods: Experimental
Key features of an experiment: Independent variable versus dependent variable Experimental group versus control group Random assignment Controlling confounding variables Independent variable (factor that is manipulated) versus dependent variable (factor that is measured) Experimental group (receives treatment) versus control group (receives no treatment) © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Labeling Variables and Groups Label the IV, DV, Control Group and Experimental Group for each scenario A researcher is interested in how the activity level of four-year-olds is affected by viewing a 30-minute video of Calliou or a 30-minute video of X-Men . A therapist wants to test a new drug designed to increase the ability of teenagers with ADHD to take accurate notes in class. A biopsychologist wants to know if exposure to testosterone in adult female rats increases their aggressive behavior. A social psychologist is interested in whether or not there is a gender difference in how much money men and women will say they should be paid for the same task. An industrial psychologist believes that cooling the room temperature may have an impact on productivity levels in the assembly line. Engage Your Students!! Have your students work either individually or in groups. When they have completed the exercise, review in groups. Answer Key: A researcher is interested in how the activity level of four-year-olds is affected by viewing a 30-minute video of Calliou or a 30-minute video of X-Men. IV=Type of video watched ̶–Calliou or X-Men DV=Activity level of children Experimental group=Kids watching X-Men Control group=Kids watching Calliou B. A therapist wants to test a new drug designed to increase the ability of teenagers with ADHD to take accurate notes in class. IV=Type of drug ̶–Ritalin or placebo DV=Accuracy of notes taken in class Experimental group=Ritalin Control group=Placebo C. A biopsychologist wants to know if exposure to testosterone in adult female rats increases their aggressive behavior. IV=Type of drug given ̶–Testosterone or placebo DV=Aggressive behavior Experimental group=Testosterone D. A social psychologist is interested in whether or not there is a gender difference in how much money men and women will say they should be paid for the same task. IV=Gender of participant—Male or Female DV=Amount of money they say they should be paid Experimental group=Men (or Women) Control group=Women(or Men) E. An industrial psychologist believes that cooling the room temperature may have an impact on productivity of workers on the assembly line. IV=Temperature of the room ̶–normal or cooler DV=Productivity Experimental group=Cooler room Control group=Normal temperature room © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Experimental Methods: Potential Researcher Problems
Experimenter Bias When the researcher influences the results in the expected direction Single-Blind Study Only the researcher, and not the participants, knows who is in either the experimental or control group Double-Blind Study Both the researcher and the participants are unaware (blind) of who is in experimental or control group Ethnocentrism Believing one’s culture is typical of all cultures, is central and “correct,” and judging others by this standard. Engage Your Students!! TED Talks: Derek Sivers: Weird or Just Different? (2.42) Sivers provides several brief, wonderful examples of ethnocentrism. "There's a flip side to everything," the saying goes, and in two minutes, Derek Sivers shows this is true in a few ways you might not expect. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Experimental Methods: Potential Participant Problems
Placebo Inactive substance used as a control Sample Bias Occurs when research participants are not representative of the larger population Random Assignment Using chance methods to assign participants to experimental or control conditions Participant Bias Occurs when experimental conditions influence the participant’s behavior Placebo Effect Why do some people get better with just lots of love, fresh air and a sugar pill—at least for a while? As this ScienCentral News video reports, neuroscientists say finding the answer could help make real medicine more effective. WILEY VIDEO Placebo Effect © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Design a Scientific Experiment
A motivational speaker claimed that wearing red on the day of an exam "energizes" the brain and improves performance. Your psychology professor doubts this is true. Design an experiment that would see if the speaker was correct. An English professor believes that students who have the opportunity to write their in- class essays on computers will produce better essays than those who write their essays by hand. Design a study that tests the professor’s belief. An exercise physiologist counsels his clients to exercise in the morning rather than at night to facilitate weight loss. Your task is to design an experiment to see if this is the correct advice. Many parents assert that children "amp out" or go "off the wall" after they eat sugar. Design a study to determine whether or not this assertion is true. Questions to Answer Do you need to define any terms for your experiment? Do so. What is your independent variable? What is your dependent variable? How will you select and assign your subjects to a group? What treatment will the experimental group be given? What treatment will the control group be given? What controls will you use in your experiment? Be sure to avoid experimenter and participant biases. Is there anything you think you should control but aren't sure how? Engage Your Students!! Assign each student to one of four scenarios and have them work in small groups (groups of 3–4 work best). Have each group report out to the entire class. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH: NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION, SURVEYS AND CASE STUDIES Descriptive research: research methods that observe and record behavior and mental processes without producing causal explanations © 2023 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION
Descriptive Research CASE STUDY SURVEY NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION Observation and recording behavior and mental processes in the participant’s natural state or habitat. Research technique that questions a large sample of people to assess their behaviors and attitudes. In-depth study of a single research participant. Naturalistic Observation The chief advantage of naturalistic observation is that researchers can obtain data about natural behavior, rather than about behavior that is a reaction to an artificial experimental situation. But naturalistic observation can be difficult and time consuming, and the lack of control by the researcher makes it hard to conduct observations of behavior that occurs infrequently. If a researcher wants to observe behavior in a more controlled setting, laboratory observation has many of the advantages of naturalistic observation, but with greater control over the variables. Engage Your Students!! Survey One key advantage of surveys is that they can gather data from a much larger sample of people than is possible with other research methods. Unfortunately, most surveys rely on self-reported data, and not all participants are completely honest. In addition, survey techniques cannot, of course, be used to explain causes of behavior. Show the brief video below to discuss issues in survey results. Student Drinking (1:14) There are new concerns about college students hitting the bottle instead of the books. As this ScienCentral News video reports, researchers say the problem could be bigger than previous studies indicated because the drinks are getting bigger. Case Study Keep in mind, however, that case studies have their own research limits, including possible lack of generalizability and inaccurate or biased recall among participants. Dog Personality (icon on left) Do canines have character? As this ScienCentral News video reports, according to one psychologist, personality testing is going to the dogs. WILEY VIDEO Dog Personality ANIMATION The Art of Prediction © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH
Research method in which variables are observed or measured (but not directly manipulated) to identify relationships between them. Ancestry and Obesity (icon on left) Why do African-American women have a higher risk of obesity, while European-American women have a higher risk of osteoporosis? As this ScienCentral News video reports, genetics researchers are attacking these questions through the touchy topic of race. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH WILEY VIDEO Ancestry and Obesity ANIMATION The Art of Prediction © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Understanding Correlations
Strength of Relationship Direction of Relationship Correlation coefficients are calculated by a formula that produces a number ranging from 1.00 to Both and are the strongest possible relationship. As the number decreases and gets closer to 0.00, the relationship weakens. Positive Correlation is one in which the two variables move (or vary) in the same direction—the two factors increase or decrease together. Negative Correlation is one in which two factors vary in opposite directions Engage Your Students!! The Art of Prediction (6:30) This animation provides a lesson on positive, negative and zero correlations. In addition, it explains why correlational research does not allow us to determine cause and effect and gives examples of experimental research. The variables in question are hours studied and performance on exams. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Distinguishing Between Experimental & Correlational Research
For each of the following five reports: 1) Decide whether the study is CORRELATIONAL or EXPERIMENTAL. 2) If the study is correlational, briefly describe how the variables are related and whether the correlation is positive or negative. List possible third variables or confound causes that might also be influencing the results. 3) If the study is experimental, briefly describe how Variable A is causing Variable B. Study I A Dartmouth study found that overweight young women (23 years old) earned 6.4% less than non-overweight peers. Additionally, it found that the earnings of young men rose 2% for each 4-inch increase in height. Study II An Australian study reported that MSG does not cause people to be sick, as was previously reported. The researcher told subjects that he was studying ingredients in a new soft drink, and fed them either MSG or a placebo in the drink. The same number and type of symptoms were reported in both the MSG and the placebo groups. Study III USA Today reported that the stock market ends the year with a gain if the Super Bowl is won by one of the original NFL members ̶–all the NFC and three AFC teams (the Indianapolis Colt, Pittsburgh Steelers and Cleveland Browns). Study IV A psychiatrist from England found that wealthy women aged 35 to 59 had more frequent sex, more orgasms and reported enjoying sex more than women from poorer households. Study V Despite popular belief, men are just as likely to "help" as women. In fact, one study indicated they were more likely to engage in helping behavior as women. When confederate men and women were staged in a parking lot apparently having locked their keys in their car, 80% of the individuals who came over to see if they needed help were men! The staging was done such that equal numbers of men and women would pass by. Engage Your Students!! Have your students work in small groups, then bring class together to review the correct answers. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Biological Research Methods
Watching Live Brains For the first time, scientists can watch individual brain cells in living animals for long periods of time. But as this ScienCentral News video reports, they've come to different conclusions about what this tells us about our brains. WILEY VIDEO Watching Live Brains © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Imaging Antidepressant Accuracy A simple one-hour brain scan could predict who will respond to an antidepressant and who will not. As this ScienCentral News video reports, it might help depressed people find the right drug that makes them feel better much sooner. WILEY VIDEO Imaging Antidepressant Accuracy © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Wiring the Brain (icon on left) Interested in continuing education? Here's some good news. As this ScienCentral News video reports, brain researchers have uncovered one mechanism that controls how our brains make new connections. Alzheimer’s Scans (icon on right) A new 3D time-lapse video technique is helping neuroscientists see the progression of Alzheimer’s disease in patients’ brains for the first time. As this ScienCentral News video reports, it will help in early diagnosis and intervention. WILEY VIDEO Wiring the Brain WILEY VIDEO Alzheimer’s Scans © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Research Challenge: Does Multitasking Work?
Watch this video! Answer these questions! Media Multitaskers Pay Mental Price Read the description of the study on page 35! 1. Hypothesis? 2. Research method (experimental, descriptive, correlational, or biological)? 3. If you chose the: Experimental method—label the IV, DV, experimental group, and control group. Descriptive method—is this a naturalistic observation, survey, or case study? Correlational method—is this a positive, negative, or zero correlation? Biological method—identify the specific research tool (e.g., brain dissection, CT scan, etc.). Engage Your Students!! Have your students read the description of the Bem study on page 172, show the video on the Bem study, and have them meet in small groups to answer the THREE questions on the slide. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Are There Cultural Universals?
Emotions and facial recognition of emotion provide the clearest examples of possible cultural universals Although facial expressions of basic emotions appear to be universal, how, when, and where they are expressed varies according to cultural standards called display rules. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Multimedia ScienCentral News Student Drinking (1:14) There are new concerns about college students hitting the bottle instead of the books. As this ScienCentral News video reports, researchers say the problem could be bigger than previous studies indicated because the drinks are getting bigger. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Multimedia CyberPsych Animations The Art of Prediction (6:30) This animation provides a lesson on positive, negative and zero correlations. In addition, it explains why correlational research does not allow us to determine cause and effect and gives examples of experimental research. The variables in question are hours studied and performance on exams. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Multimedia Web Video TED Talks: Derek Sivers: How to Start a Movement (3:10) With help from some surprising footage, Derek Sivers explains how movements really get started. (Hint: it takes two.) TED Talks: Derek Sivers: Weird or Just Different (2.42) "There's a flip side to everything," the saying goes, and in two minutes, Derek Sivers shows this is true in a few ways you might not expect. TED Talks: Joachim de Posada: Don’t Eat the Marshmallow Yet (6.02) In this short talk from TED U, Joachim de Posada shares a landmark experiment on delayed gratification— and how it can predict future success. With priceless video of kids trying their hardest not to eat the marshmallow. The Big Think: Laurie Santos (31:07) In this interview with Dr. Santos, a dynamic cognitive psychologist at Yale, she discusses how her current research with Capuchin monkeys may provide a model for understanding early human cognition. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Introduction to Psychology and Its Research Methods

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Introduction to Psychology and Its Research Methods"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback

Log in

Auth with social network:

Introduction to Psychology and Its Research Methods

Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "Introduction to Psychology and Its Research Methods"— Presentation transcript:

Similar presentations

About project

Feedback