1. The Stalemated Seventies AP Notes
Chapter 39
The Stalemated Seventies
AP Notes

2. Objectives….
Describe Nixon’s policies toward the war in Vietnam, the Soviet Union, and Communist China
Examine the conflicts created by the secret bombing of Cambodia, the American withdrawal from Vietnam, and the “new isolationism” represented by the War Powers Act

3. The Nixon Presidency

4. Who was Richard M. Nixon? Shy and remote
Born into poverty – always felt an outsider
Often seemed stiff and lacking in humor and charm
Few close friends – spent time with family at estates in Cal. and Fla. (lavishly redone at government expense)

5. Nixon’s Vice President?
Spiro T. Agnew
Treated dissent as treason
Called the media “an effete corps of impudent snobs” and “nattering nabobs of negativism”

6. The Democratic candidates?
Hubert H. Humphrey (LBJ’s Vice President)
Edmund Muskie the senator from Maine

7. American Independent Party?
George Wallace – Alabama governor
“Segregation now! Segregation tomorrow! Segregation forever!”
Against school busing, antiwar demonstrations, urban uprisings
Running mate – Curtis LeMay proposed nuclear weapons in Vietnam – “bomb the North Vietnamese back to the Stone Age”

9. The Election of 1968 Wallace won 13.5 % of the vote 5 southern states
middle-class white northerners tired of inner-city riots and anti-war protests – (“White backlash”)
Humphrey took 42.7% of the vote
Richard Nixon won with 43.4%

11. Henry Kissinger National Security Council Advisor 1969-1973
U.S. could not appear weak and retain global leadership
Shaped Nixon’s foreign policy

12. Vietnamization…
1968 – Nixon said he had a plan to end the war – but wouldn’t explain
Remove Am. forces and replace with S. Vietnamese
1968 – 543,000
1972 – 39,000
Did not want to lose – resumed bombing of N. Vietnam
Widened the war beyond Vietnam

13. Nixon’s Vietnamization
Nixon spoke of “peace with honor” while the US continued bombing campaigns into Laos and Cambodia to cut supply lines
Nixon appealed to the “silent majority”

14. My Lai Massacre…
In Nov Americans learned of the massacre of 504 of S. Vietnamese civilians – mostly women, children, and elderly
Lt. William Caley, Jr. was the leader of the platoon responsible
Caley was court-martialed and convicted of premeditated murder

17. Warrant Officer Hugh Thompson saves civilians by landing between US troops & Vietnamese civilians

18. Extending the war beyond Vietnam…
Cambodia – communist camps from which the enemy was mounting attacks on South Vietnam
U.S. announced bombing of Cambodia in April, 1970
Fresh wave of protests on college campuses –
Largest series of student demonstrations in U.S. history

20. U.S. Bombing Points in Cambodia, 1965-73

22. Cambodian children rolling an unexploded bomb to a scrap metal dealer…

23. Kent State University
May 2, 1970 – student protesters burnt down the ROTC building
Gov. Rhodes sent Ohio National Guard to Kent State
May 4 – classes were held – guardsmen were on campus – 200 students and protestors
After several confrontations – guard opened fire on crowd

26. Campus unrest… 4 students killed at Kent State – 9 wounded
May 14 – Jackson State University – state troopers shot 2 students and wounded 12
900 college campuses closed down after shootings
37 college and University presidents signed a letter calling for war’s end
100,000 march on Washington

28. Allison Krause -Protester -Shot in the chest & arm

29. Sandy Scheuer -Not protesting -Walking to class -Shot in the throat

30. Jeffrey Miller -Not protesting -Shot in the head

31. Bill Schroeder -Not protesting -Walking to class - Shot in the back -Ironically an ROTC student

35. The Hardhats… Construction workers
Building and Trades Council
100,000 members held rally supporting government
broke up an anti-war rally
Many Americans supported the National Guard and felt the students “got what they deserved”

36. The War Continued…
1971 Nixon directed S. Vietnamese to invade Laos to cut supplies – defeated
1972 Nixon ordered the mining of N. Vietnamese harbors and bombing of Cambodia and N. Vietnam
December, 1972, Kissinger met in Paris with Le Duc Tho
Cease-fire
Withdrawal of U.S. troops
Return of U.S. prisoners of war

38. The war…
Nixon unleashed the “Christmas Bombings” of Hanoi and Haiphong, 100,000 bombs over 11 days
Jan 27, 1973 an agreement was reached
On March 29, 1973 the last US troops left for home
February 12, Operation Homecoming begins the release of 591 American POWs from Hanoi

39. April, 1973 -The last soldiers arrive home from Vietnam

40. Nixon and John McCain upon his return

42. The Fall of Saigon
Within months of the US departure the cease fire was broken
In March 1975 North Vietnamese launched a full scale invasion
The US sent $ to South Vietnam but no troops
Pres. Ford did not want another nightmare
On April 30th, 1975 North Vietnamese tanks rolled into Saigon - renamed Ho Chi Minh City

45. What was the Vietnam legacy?
No victory parades for Vietnam Vets
Many faced bitterness and hostility
Many had debilitating injuries and drug dependencies
15% or 3.3 million soldiers developed post traumatic stress disorder
58,000 US troops were killed
$150 billion

46. Millions of Vietnamese were killed -chemicals like agent orange have polluted the environment and caused birth defects and cancer, 400,000 re-educated by the communists
The Communists forced 1.5 million people out of Vietnam - 50,000 boat people perished
Cambodia’s civil war in which Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot killed 3 million Cambodians

47. The US abolished the draft
In Nov Congress passed The War Powers Act in which the President must inform Congress within 48 hrs. of sending forces
Troops cannot remain longer than 90 days without authorization from Congress
In 1982 the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was unveiled in Washington DC

49. Nixon’s Foreign Policy
Kissinger promoted the idea of the “realpolitik” - political realism (Foreign policy is based on consolidation of power)
US should confront and deal with the powerful nations (Negotiations/Militarily)
Nixon and Kissinger had a flexible approach in dealing with Comm.
Pushed for “détente” or a relaxing of Cold War tensions

50. “Playing the China Card”
“Ping-pong” diplomacy began in 1971
Take advantage of the rift between the China and the USSR
Feb., 1972 – Nixon visited China -symbolic - opened up diplomatic and economic relations
Major shift in U.S. foreign policy
Both would cooperate and participate in scientific and cultural exchanges

51. Ping Pong Diplomacy July, 1971 - The ice breaker between China & US

53. Nixon and Premier Zhou En-lai

56. Nixon’s Visit to the USSR
In May 1972, President to visit Moscow
Nixon met with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev
They signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) - limited ICBM’s and sub missiles to 1972 levels
Nixon offered to sell $ 1 billion in wheat crop to the USSR
Détente

59. “Shuttle Diplomacy”
Secretary of State Henry Kissinger traveled between Middle Eastern countries
In January 1974 Egypt and Israel signed a peace accord
In May Israel signed a cease fire with Syria

60. The Apollo 11 Launch July 16, 1969

61. Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins & Buzz AldrinP O L 11
Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins & Buzz Aldrin

62. Man Walks on the Moon!

63. Objectives…
Analyze Nixon’s domestic policies, his appeal to the “silent majority,” his opposition to the “Warren Court,” his “southern strategy,” and his landslide victory against George McGovern in 1972…

64. Nixon appealed to the “silent majority”
Appealed to hostility toward protestors and counterculture
Americans who worked, paid taxes, and did not protest
“People who love their country”
Restore law and order

65. Nixon promised…
To appoint federal judges who would undercut liberal civil rights interpretations and be tough on crime
To role back the Great Society
Restore law and order

66. Southern Strategy?
Democrats alienated the South – Civil Rights Act of 1964
Sunbelt – retirement communities and rise of high tech industries  growing pop.
Military bases, defense plants, and increasing influence of Protestant evangelism  conservative region

67. Nixon’s New Conservatism
Nixon was determined to turn the US into a more conservative direction with a sense of order
The US was intensely divided over Nam
Nixon felt LBJ’s Great Society programs gave the federal gov. too much power

68. Two Sides to Nixon’s New Federalism
The Nixon Administration
increased Social Security, Medicaid, and Medicare
made food stamps more accessible
Subsidized housing for the poor
Oversaw creation of Environmental Protection Agency and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Supported Family Assistance Plan (guaranteeing minimal income for the poor- defeated in the Senate)

69. And the other side….
Nixon tried to eliminate the Job Corps, and in 1970 he denied funding for (HUD)
By 1973 Nixon had impounded more than $15 billion in funds for housing, health, and education (Courts overturned the impounding)
Nixon abolished the Office of Economic Opportunity

70. Law and Order Politics He played to the “silent majority”
Nixon used the FBI and CIA to investigate American dissidents and political enemies
The IRS was used to audit anti-war and civil rights activists returns
Nixon had a “enemies list” of who to harass
VP Agnew attacked liberals, the media, and anti-war protestors ( Pit-bull)

72. “Ultraliberalism today translates into a whimpering isolationism in foreign policy, a mulish obstructionism in domestic policy, and a pusillanimous pussyfooting on the critical issue of law and order.”

73. What was Stagflation?
Inflation…..
Stagnant economy……

74. What factors contributed to stagnation?
Presence of women and teenagers in job market….
Declining investment in new capital
Cost of government safety and health regulations
Shift – manufacturing  services
Vietnam War…
International economic competition….

75. What factors contributed to inflation?
Vietnam War + Great Society – inflationary spending with no check (higher taxes) – put money in people’s hands but fewer goods
Drastic increase in the price of oil

76. Oil problems? OPEC raised the price of oil in 1960s
The Six Days War in 1967
The 1973 Yom Kippur War between Israel and Egypt and Syria
The US military aid to Israel  Arab OPEC nations cut oil sales to the US (Oil Embargo) By 1974 price increased 4x
Major gas lines and shortages in the US early, mid 1970s

80. Nixon Battles Stagflation…
To reduce deficit - raised taxes and cut the budget (Congress opposed)
Tried to reduce the inflation by pushing for higher interest rates
Took the US off the gold standard
In 1971 froze wages, rents, fees and prices for 90 days-it helped temporality but the recession continued

81. The Environment…
Nixon supported the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Improved the Clean Air Act of 1963
Supported the Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970
In 1973 the Endangered Species Act was passed
Membership in the Sierra Club took off due to new concerns over the environment
On April 2d, 1970 the first Earth Day was held

84. The 1972 Election

85. George McGovern Democrat

86. George McGovern Liberal Democrat
Anti-war…
Reduce in defense spending
$6,500 minimum income
ERA Amendment & abortion
Amnesty for draft evaders

87. Dirty Tricks…

88. Results of the 1968 Election
Elector/ % Pop Vote
Nixon: … 60.7%
McGovern: 17… 37.5%

89. 1972 Election

91. Nixon’s “Victory Salute”

92. Objectives….
Discuss the Watergate scandals and Nixon’s resignation….

93. The Imperial Presidency
Nixon expanded the power of the Presidency with little thought of Constitutional Checks
Impoundment of funds for fed. programs
Invading Cambodia without the approval of Congress
Nixon felt the office of the Presidency was above the law

94. The President’s Men Fierce loyal advisors
H.R. Haldeman –Chief of staff
John Ehrlichman – Chief Domestic Advisor
John N Mitchell – Attorney General
John W. Dean III – White House Council

95. Nixon’s dirty tricks…
Nixon used the FBI to gather info on political rivals
Manufactured, irrelevant, cruel & incorrect rumors
Nixon laundered $ to accept illegal campaign contributions
CREEP & “The plumbers”…

96. Hunt and Liddy

97. Committee to Re-elect the President (CRP or CREEP)
A private group supporting RMN by using its money to pay for & later cover up "dirty tricks”

98. The Plumbers July, 1971 RMN’s covert White House group
Established to stop info from leaking to the media
Employed by CREEP… Responsible for Watergate

99. The Pentagon Papers
A secret study prepared by the D of D - Analysis & summary of U.S. political & military involvement in Vietnam
The PPs show that the gov. deceived the public

100. 47 Volumes
7,000 pages

101. Daniel Ellsberg
D of D employee who releases the PPs to The NY Times

103. The significance of the Pentagon Papers…
Eroded public support for the war & made it difficult for RMN to fight the war
As SC case it establishes the people’s right to privileged gov. info

104. Ellsberg & dirty tricks…
RMN orders the D of D to prosecute
The Plumbers break into Ellsberg’s psychiatrist office seeking info. that will discredit him
CIA is given orders to “incapacitate“ Ellsberg

105. Watergate
CREEP breaks into the DNC (Watergate Hotel) - 5 arrested & convicted
RMN denies knowledge

106. The Cover-Up Documents were shredded in Haldeman’s office
The White House asked the CIA to urge the FBI to stop investigating the break-in
CREEP passed out $450,000 to the burglars to buy their silence
The burglary was of little interest to the public and the press

107. Washington Post Reporters (Woodward & Bernstein) follow evidence back to the oval office… “Deep Throat”

108. W a t e r g a t e

110. The Cover-Up Unravels
In Jan McCord (burglar) sent a letter to Judge John Sirica (Presiding Judge)
He lied under oath, and hinted others were involved
On April 30th, Nixon fired John Dean and announced the resignations of Haldeman, Ehrlichman, and Attorney General Richard Kleindiest

111. Nixon went on TV to promote his new Attorney General Elliot Richardson and he suggested a “Special Prosecutor” be appointed to investigate Watergate

112. The Senate Investigation
Senator Sam Ervin began called Administration officials to give testimony
Dean admitted the President had been deeply involved in the cover-up (White House denial)

113. Presidential Aide Alex Butterfield revealed the tapes of Oval Office Conversations
A year long battle for the tapes began

114. The Saturday Night Massacre
The special prosecutor (Cox) demanded the tapes… Nixon refused claiming “executive privilege”…
Nixon ordered Attny. Gen. Richardson to fire Cox
Richardson refused and was fired

115. The Deputy Attny Gen refused to fire Cox
He was fired
Solicitor General (Robert Bork) fired Cox
Nixon apptd. new special prosecutor – Jaworski

116. So what did Jaworski do? He asked for the tapes
The Supreme Court ordered Nixon to turn the tapes over

117. The Fall of Nixon
March 1974 a Grand Jury indicted seven presidential aids on charges of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and perjury
Nixon released 1,254 pages of edited transcripts
In July 1974 The Supreme Court ordered Nixon to give up the unedited tapes “I am not a crook!”

118. In Aug. Nixon released the tapes with an 18. 5 min
In Aug. Nixon released the tapes with an 18.5 min. gap (Rose Mary Woods accidentally erased the most crucial part)

120. The Nixon tapes reveal…
Anti-Semitic attitudes
Nixon ordering government agencies to harass private citizens
Nixon ordering the Watergate break-in & cover-up

121. What? No Vice –President?
10 days before the Saturday Night Massacre
Spiro Agnew resigned – accused of income tax evasion and taking bribes
Gerald Ford appointed Vice President under the 25th Amendment

122. Impeachment or Resignation?
The House Judiciary Committee approved three articles of impeachment: obstruction of justice, abuse of power, and contempt of Congress
On August 8th , 1974 Nixon announced his resignation
Nixon admitted no guilt, some judgments “were wrong”

123. Gerald Ford was sworn in as President
Ford gave Nixon a full Presidential pardon
25 administration members served prison terms

125. RMN: Resigns August 9, 1974
* The first President to resign.

126. Gerald Ford

130. The Ford and Carter Years

131. Ford’s Unusual Road to the Presidency…
Never elected to the Vice-Presidency or Presidency
Only person to become President and Vice-President under the 25th Amendment
Nelson Rockefeller became Vice-President under the 25th Amendment

132. The Nixon Pardon Ford gave Nixon a full pardon for Watergate
Covered crimes Nixon committed or may have committed as Pres.
Ford wanted to spare the country a trial
Some Americans were outraged
None of Nixon’s former employees were pardoned and nearly all served prison terms

133. 1973 – OPEC – Oil Embargo Inflation rose form 6% in ’73 to 10% in ’74
Ford started the “WIN” campaign, (Whip Inflation Now) It failed.
Ford urged Americans to cut back on use of oil and gas
He cut government spending, interests rates went up triggering the worst recession in 40 years

135. Foreign Policy Ford kept Kissinger as Sec. of State
Helsinki Accords – 1975
Legitimized Soviet drawn borders in E. Europe
Agreement allowing for more open exchanges of people and information
Milestone
One-sided

136. Vietnam…
Wanted to continue to give money to aid South Vietnam, Congress refused, the South fell in 1975
140,000 Vietnamese left
Cost to U.S. - $118 billion
56,000 Am. dead and 300,000 wounded
U.S. lost respect

139. Feminism in the 1970s Movement showed vitality
Title IX to the Education Amendments
ERA
Court cases: Reed v. Reed and Frontiero v. Richardson
1973 – Roe v. Wade

140. First Women’s March for Equality - 1970

142. Anti-Feminism Nixon vetoed nationwide public day-care
Phyllis Schlafly –STOP ERA – blamed for rising divorce rate

143. Civil Rights…. Courts: Milliken v. Bradley – 1974
Desegregation could not require across district bussing
Reinforced “White Flight”
Pitted poor whites and blacks against each other

144. Bakke v. Board of Regents
1978 – Allan Bakke denied admission to U. of Cal. – Davis Medical School
Sued – said his scores were better than the minorities who were accepted
Supreme Court – preference for admission can not be given to any group
Racial factors may be used in overall admissions process
Bakke admitted – “reverse discrimination”

145. Native Americans Asserted status as separate semi-sovereign peoples
Seized Alcatraz 1972 – Wounded Knee 1972
United States v. Wheeler – 1978
Indian tribes possessed a “unique and limited” sovereignty
Subject to the will of Congress – not the states

146. Alcatraz

148. Carter in the White House
Former peanut farmer and Gov. of Georgia
Promised he would never lie to the American people
Carter and Ford squared off over energy, inflation, and unemployment
Carter won by a close margin
He talked to the American people through FDR like “fire-side” chats by radio and TV

150. Newspape
    
   
                                                                                                                                              

151. How did the economy change in the 1970s?
Less manufacturing jobs
More jobs in communication, transportation, and retail
Greater overseas competition
U.S. iron and steel and clothing – plant closings and lay-offs
OPEC raised oil prices

152. Carter’s Domestic Agenda
Carter urged Americans to cut back their consumption of oil and gas
The National Energy Act – taxed gas guzzling cars, removed price controls on oil and gas produced in the US, and gave tax credits for development of alternative energy.

153. In 1979 inflation hit 11.3%, 14% by ’80.
Famous “malaise speech” - complained of a “crisis of spirit” in Americans.

154. Carter and Draft – Evaders?
Wanted to end divisions in the country
Gave full pardons to draft evaders
No pardons for deserters
Few protested the pardons (put Vietnam behind us)

155. Three-Mile Island?
March 1979 – nuclear power plant at Three Mile Island broke down  at risk for nuclear meltdown
Caused widespread fear
Some Americans doubted nuclear energy was safe
Nuclear power plants were held to stricter safety standards

157. Carter and Civil Rights?
Appointed more women and African Americans to his administration than any other previous administration
Appointed Andrew Young as US Ambassador to the UN

158. Carter’s Foreign Policy
Based upon human rights
Publicly criticized the Soviet Union and South Africa
Most countries that violated human rights no longer received U.S. foreign aid
Panama Canal Treaty – gave canal back to Panama on December 31, 1999

159. Camp David Pace Accords
Carter invited Anwar Sadat (Egypt) and Menachem Begin (Israel) to Camp David
13 days – negotiation
Two agreements
Conditions for general peace talks
Conditions for peace between Egypt and Israel
1979 – peace treaty signed

161. Carter and Soviet Union?
1979 attempted to improve on SALT I by negotiating SALT II – impose additional limits on certain nuclear weapons
Conservative Republicans and Democrats opposed SALT II – died in the Senate

162. Carter and China?
Formally recognized the People’s Republic of China as the sole legitimate government of China
1979 – trade and cultural contacts increased

163. Afghanistan? Hotbed of Islamic fundamentalism
The government backed by S. U.
S. U. invaded to protect government against fundamentalists
Carter protested  suspended grain and high-tech sales to Soviets
Boycotted 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow

164. Iranian Hostage Crisis?
Shah of Iran a strong ally of the U.S.
1978 Shah was overthrown by Islamic fundamentalists – Ayatollah Khomeini
Carter allowed the Shah to enter the U.S. for cancer treatment
Nov. 4, 1979 Khomeini’s followers seized U.S. embassy in Tehran – 52 hostages
Hostages released 444 days later – January 20, 1981

170. Miracle at Lake Placid 1980