1. Earth’s Interior

2. What caused a 2.5 square kilometer landmass to form in the ocean off the coast of Iceland in 1963?
An erupting volcano underneath the ocean caused an island form and to continually to grow in size for many years

3. Icelanders named their new landmass Surtsey the god of fire

5. The Science of Geology

6. Geology
The modern science of geology, the study of planet Earth, began in the late 1700s.
The geologist in the top picture are studying the characteristics of a cave
The geologist in the bottom picture is investigating rock layers

7. Geologists are scientists who study the forces that make and shape our planet. They study the chemical and physical characteristics of rock, the material that forms Earth’s hard surface. They map where different types of rocks are found and describe landforms, the features sculptured in rock and soil by water, wind, and waves. Geologists study the processes that create Earth’s features and search for clues about Earth’s history.

8. Clues that Geologists use to study the Earth’s interior include:
Seismic waves
produced by earthquakes
man-made
Drill-hole
data
- Geologists record electronic signals and
study their travel through rock strata

9. Geologic Forces: Geologists divide the forces that change the earth’s surface into two groups:
Constructive forces
Destructive forces

10. Constructive Forces are forces that shape the surface of the Earth by building up mountains and landmasses.
Examples Include:
Islands from volcanoes
Weather
(also destructive)
Flooding

11. Destructive Forces are forces that slowly wear away mountains and eventually every other feature on the surface of the Earth.
Some examples of this type of force are:
Ocean waves
Weathering
Earthquakes

12. Journey to the Center of the Earth
drill
Pressure-sensing device
Seismic recording device
Temperature-sensing device

13. Temperature: increases as the depth inside Earth increases.
Rock near the surface would be cool
At about 20 meters down the rock layers get warmer
For every 40 meters of descent, the temperature of the rock strata increases 1°C

14. Pressure: - the force pushing on a surface or area - increases when traveling from the surface toward the core of the Earth.

15. The pressure increases as you go deeper inside the earth because amount and weight of the rock layers increases
The deeper the water in the pool, the greater the pressure, just as pressure is greater the deeper you go beneath the surface of Earth
The water in the pool does not have layers

16. Ever wondered what our earth is made of? 
Think of it as an apple.  An apple constitutes the skin, the pulp and the core in the middle. 
Similarly, the earth is made up of the thin outermost layer called the crust, the innermost part called the core, and the part in between them called the mantle.
Skin = Crust
Pulp = Mantle
Core = Core

17. Three main layers make up Earth’s interior:
The crust
The mantle
The core
Each layer
has its own
conditions
and
materials

18. The Crust: outermost layer of rock that forms Earth’s outer skin
including both dry land and the ocean floor
averages 32 km or 16 miles thick
chemical composition:
O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Fe, K, Ca

19. Oceanic crust: the floor of the deep oceans, is thin, about 7km thick, and made of relatively dense rocks like basalt.
Basalt is a dark, dense rock with a fine texture that makes up most of the ocean floor.  
Continental crust is much thicker, averaging 33km, and is composed of relatively light material such as granite.
Granite has larger crystals and is less dense than basalt. This type of rock is the main component of the continental crust.
(Fig 1.2) The Crust (Oceanic and Continental).

20. The basalt looks like it’s made of one material
The granite looks like it’s made of several materials.

21. Mantle: layer of rock between the core and the crust
about 2900 km (1400 miles) thick
mainly solid rock but there is also a layer of molten rock called magma nearer the core.
Temperatures are high, at about 2000oC.
chemical composition: O, Mg, Si, Fe
divided into two sub-layers
lithosphere
asthenosphere

22. There are two sub-layers in the mantle:
Lithosphere: The upper most mantle and the crust form a solid rigid layer
Asthenosphere: The soft portion of the mantle in which the lithosphere floats

23. Lithosphere: The upper most mantle and the crust which form a solid rigid layer
The lithosphere is solid and rigid while the material in the asthenosphere is somewhat soft and can bend like plastic.

24. Asthenosphere: soft portion of the mantle in which the lithosphere floats
soft layer just below the lithosphere that flows like hot asphalt under a heavy weight

25. The Core:
The denser materials such as iron sank to form the core.  It is partly solid.  Temperatures are extremely high, at about 3000oC.
layer of rock beneath the mantle
makes up 1/3 of the Earth’s mass and 15% of its volume
temperature ranges from 2000oC to 5000oC
chemical composition:
Fe and Ni

26. Three characteristics cause geologists to consider the inner and outer cores as part of one layer instead of as two separate layers.
Both made of iron and nickel
Great pressure
Extreme Temperature

27. The Outer Core layer of molten metal that surrounds the inner core
acts like a liquid

28. The Inner Core
Layer of solid metal that is under extreme pressure from the outer core
causes the inner core to spin

29. Earth works like a giant bar magnet
Earth works like a giant bar magnet. If you shifted this magnet beneath the paper, what would happen to the iron filings?
The iron filings would
move with the
magnet, again
forming the same
pattern above the
magnet’s new
position.

30. Currents in the liquid outer core force the solid inner core to spin
Like a planet within a planet, the inner core spins inside Earth at a slightly faster rate than the rest of the planet
This movement creates Earth’s magnetic field, which causes the planet to act like a giant bar magnet.

31. Depth Name of Layer Composition
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Tables
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. This table shows the conditions you would find as you traveled toward the center of the Earth.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
100 km
2,000 km
4,000 km
6,000 km

32. Depth Name of Layer Composition crust
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Table
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. This table shows the conditions you would find as you traveled toward the center of the Earth.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
crust
100 km
2,000 km
4,000 km
6,000 km

33. Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Tables
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. This table shows the conditions you would find as you traveled toward the center of the Earth.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
crust
Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
100 km
2,000 km
4,000 km
6,000 km

34. Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Tables
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. This table shows the conditions you would find as you traveled toward the center of the Earth.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
crust
Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
100 km
mantle
2,000 km
4,000 km
6,000 km

35. Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Tables
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. This table shows the conditions you would find as you traveled toward the center of the Earth.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
crust
Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
100 km
mantle
Solid rock
2,000 km
4,000 km
6,000 km

36. Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Tables
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. This table shows the conditions you would find as you traveled toward the center of the Earth.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
crust
Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
100 km
mantle
Solid rock
2,000 km
4,000 km
6,000 km

37. Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt Solid or molten material
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Tables
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. This table shows the conditions you would find as you traveled toward the center of the Earth.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
crust
Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
100 km
mantle
Solid rock
2,000 km
Solid or molten material
4,000 km
6,000 km

38. Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt Solid or molten material
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Tables
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. This table shows the conditions you would find as you traveled toward the center of the Earth.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
crust
Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
100 km
mantle
Solid rock
2,000 km
Solid or molten material
4,000 km
Outer core
6,000 km

39. Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt Solid or molten material
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Tables
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. This table shows the conditions you would find as you traveled toward the center of the Earth.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
crust
Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
100 km
mantle
Solid rock
2,000 km
Solid or molten material
4,000 km
Outer core
Molten iron & nickel
6,000 km

40. Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt Solid or molten material
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Tables
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. This table shows the conditions you would find as you traveled toward the center of the Earth.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
crust
Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
100 km
mantle
Solid rock
2,000 km
Solid or molten material
4,000 km
Outer core
Molten iron & nickel
6,000 km
Inner core

41. Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt Solid or molten material
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Tables
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. This table shows the conditions you would find as you traveled toward the center of the Earth.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
crust
Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
100 km
mantle
Solid rock
2,000 km
Solid or molten material
4,000 km
Outer core
Molten iron & nickel
6,000 km
Inner core
Solid iron & nickel