1. CELLS: THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE

2. Some Cell Fun Facts You can grow heart cells in a petri dish.
Humans have an estimated 10 trillion cells.
The largest known cell is an unfertilized ostrich egg cell.
The word cell comes from the Latin word cellula, meaning, “small room”.
One single cell contains two meters of DNA.
Humans shed and re-grow outer skin cells about every 27 days.

3. Cells Discovered in 1665
Why didn’t we know about cells before this?

4. Robert Hooke’s microscope:

5. Section One: The Diversity of Cells
Part 1:The Discovery of Cells

6. Robert Hooke First person to describe cells
Also looked at feathers, fish scales, and eyeballs of house flies
Mostly looked at plants and fungi (these things have cell walls)- makes them easy to see

8. SAW “ANIMALCULES” IN POND SCUM
1673 ANTON van LEEUWENHOEK
Found cells in other organisms….
SAW “ANIMALCULES” IN POND SCUM
ALSO SAW BLOOD CELLS AND BACTERIA for the first time

9. 200 Years Later…

11. 1838
Matthias Schleiden, a German scientist said….all plant parts are made of cells
One year later, Theodor Schwann, a German scientist that studied animals stated that all animal tissues are made of cells

12. 1858 Rudolf Virschow
Said that all cells form only from other cells

13. THE CELL THEORY: 1. ALL ORGANISMS ARE ONE OR MORE CELLS
2. CELL IS THE UNIT OF ALL LIFE
3. All cells come from existing cells

14. 4 Parts found in all Cells
1. Cell membrane-outer covering
2. Organelles- small bodies in the cytoplasm
3. DNA (genetic material)
4. Cytoplasm- the fluid inside a cell along with all the cell’s contents
Small size
Smallest=bacteria
Largest=ostrich egg
how big animation
All cells have a …

16. Two Kinds of Cells: 1. Cells without a nucleus 2. Cells with a nucleus
Called Prokaryotic cells
These can be either:
bacteria or archaea
Are super small in size
2. Cells with a nucleus
Called Eukaryotes-
(these are the cells in plants, animals and fungi)

17. PROKARYOTIC CELLS Bacteria, and Archaea NO NUCLEUS
NO MEMBRANES AROUND ORGANELLES
CIRCULAR DNA
(looks a little like a rubber band)

18. Bacteria Most common prokaryotes Smallest cells known
Live almost everywhere
No nucleus but DO have DNA
DNA is long and shaped like a twisted rubber band (circular shaped)
No membrane-covered organelles
Do have ribosomes and cell wall

19. Brainpop

20. Archaea… Same as bacteria except:
Ribosomes are different…..are more like Eukaryotic ribosomes
Cell wall and cell membranes are made of different materials
Many live in Bizarre environments!
Ex. heat-loving, salt-loving, methane-making archaea

22. SURFACE TO VOLUME RATIO:
ORGANISMS NEED SMALL CELLS TO KEEP THE RIGHT SURFACE TO VOLUME RATIO
IF A CELL GROWS TOO BIG, THERE WON’T BE ENOUGH OPENINGS IN THE SURFACE TO LET MATERIALS IN AND OUT !

25. EUKARYOTIC CELLS(our cells)
(ALL CELLS) EXCEPT bacteria and Archaea
Are 10 times bigger than bacteria
Have a NUCLEUS
Have MEMBRANE –COVERED ORGANELLES
Have LINEAR DNA found inside a nucleus

26. Really important cell vocab:
CELLULOSE- tough stuff in plant cell walls
ATP- the “energy molecule” for a cell, (is like gasoline for a car)
DNA- instructions for the cell
PHOSPHOLIPIDS- the stuff all membranes are made of

27. Section 2 The Inside of a Eukaryotic Cell
The “true” cell.
plants
animals
fungi

28. Cell wall ribosome Mitochondrion plural=mitochondria Golgi Complex
Fluency Chart…
Cell wall
ribosome
Mitochondrion
plural=mitochondria
Golgi Complex
vesicle
Cell membrane
lysosome
E.R.
Endoplasmic
reticulum

29. Plant Cells
Video:

30. CELL WALL IN PLANT CELLS (and algae) ONLY
Made of a hard material called Cellulose
Provides strength and support to the cell membrane
When you look at dried hay, sticks and wooden boards you are seeing the cell walls of dead plant cells!

31. PLANT CELL WALL PICTURES:

32. CELL MEMBRANE All cells are covered by this
Is formed by phospholipid molecules
Allows nutrients in
Allows waste products out:

34. Cytoskeleton
A web of proteins in the cytoplasm that acts as a muscle and a skeleton. It helps a cell retain its shape and moves organelles around.

35. NUCLEUS: Library, or Town center Stores the DNA
Has all the “secret info” for the organism

36. RIBOSOMES: SMALLEST of all ORGANELLES (THE DOTS) ON THE E.R.
(only organelle without a membrane)
Act like factories for making proteins

37. MITOCHONDRIA: Power plants…release energy for the cell Make the ATP
Used in all cell ( activities)

38. VACUOLE: Is really big in plant cells Small in animal cells
Serves as a water storage compartment

39. CHLOROPLASTS:(plant cells only!)
Contains chlorophyll
Captures sunlight to make food (sugar) used by mitochondria
Makes plants appear green

40. GOLGI COMPLEX: FedEx Delivery Gets rid of things inside the cell
Shipping and Handling

41. LYSOSOMES: "suicide sacs" Contain digestive enzymes
Cellular Digestion…
LYSOSOMES:
"suicide sacs"
Contain digestive enzymes
Clean-up/ destroy cell waste, sometimes called the recycling center
Can act as security to protect the cell from invaders
Sanitation company?
Mainly in animal cells

42. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
Post office, delivery system, tunnel system
Makes lipids for membranes, processes and transports proteins
CELL: ER

43. Cytoplasm

44. VESICLES:
Membrane –covered compartments inside the cell

45. Animal cells: human cheek cells

46. Another Fun Fact... EVIDENCE?
Scientists believe that mitochondria and chloroplasts originated as a prokaryotic cell that was “eaten” by larger cells. They ended up surviving inside.
EVIDENCE?
Both have two membranes
Have a) ribosomes and b) circular DNA
Same size as bacteria
Divide like bacteria

47. Sec.3: The Organization of Living Things…
(Small to big)
CELLS
TISSUES
ORGANS
ORGAN SYSTEMS
ORGANISM

48. Organism Anything that can perform life processes by itself
Organisms can be:
Unicellular-(single celled)
Multicellular- (consists of many cells)
Euglena:

49. Oh the Joy of being multicellular !
Larger size
Longer life
Specialization
Each type of cell has a special job
Makes the organism more efficient
                                
             
            

50. Structure and Function
In an organism, structure and function are related.
Example: Alveoli air sacs in the lungs:
See fig p.79
                                                            

51. End of Ch 3 Cells: The Basic Units of Life