2. Introduction to Socio_Cultural Variation in health
Ass.Prof:Dr:Essmat Gemaey

3. Objectives
After completion of this lecture the students should be able to:
1-Mention definition of culture and related concepts
2-Discuss the problem of ethnocentric attitudes
3-Discuss how culture influences a client’s behavior in health and in illness.

4. Out lines -Introduction -some definitions - Characteristics of culture
-Sub-culture

5. This lecture assists nurses to understand how culture influences a client’s behavior in health and in illness.
When nurses view clients through a cultural lens, they can both expand culture awareness and provide culturally congruent service

6. Definition of Culture
- Refers to the beliefes, values, and behavior that are shared by members of a society and provide a design or map for living .
- It is a culture that tells people what is acceptable or unacceptable Also it is the integration of human behaviors (which include thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions) of a racial, ethnic, religious, or social group

7. WHAT IS CULTURE ?
􀂙 It's the shared beliefs, values, attitudes
and behavior patterns that characterize the
members of a community or organization.

8. Ethnocentrism
Is the belief that one’s own cultural practices and values are inherently correct or superior to those of others?

9. Ethnocentric attitudes can lead to the following problems
1-Prejudice
Negative preconceived opinions about
Other people or groups based on hearsay, perception, or emotion
• 2-Stereotyping
Believing that one member of a cultural group will display certain behaviors or hold certain attitudes (usually negative) simply because he or she is a member of that cultural group

10. 3-Discrimination—Differential treatment based on race, class, sex, or other variables rather than on individual merit
4-Stigmatization—the attribution of negative characteristics or identity to one person or group, causing the person or group to feel rejected and, alienated, from society

11. CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
Culture Is Learned-1
Patterns of cultural behavior are acquired, not inherited. The way people dress, what they eat, how they talk—all are learned.

12. -Culture Is Integrated
As in any system, all parts of a culture are interrelated and interdependent.
The various components of a culture, such as its social mores or religious beliefs, perform separate functions, coming in relative harmony with each other to form an operating and cohesive whole

13. 3 -Culture is shared
Culture is the product of total behavior, not individual habit. Certainly, individuals practice a culture,
Culture does not depend on individuals an ordinary habit dies with its possessor,

14. Culture is mostly tacit
Culture provides a guide for human interaction that is mostly unexpressed and at the unconscious level, or tacit. Members of a cultural group, without the need for discussion, know how to act and what to expect from one another.”
. Culture teaches the proper tone of voice to use for each occasion. It prescribes how close to stand when talking with someone or how to respond to elders. They know what is right and wrong.

15. Culture is dynamic
Every culture undergoes change; none is entirely static.
Within every cultural group are individuals who generate innovations.
. Each culture, including our own, is a mixtures of ideas, values, and practices from a variety of sources. This process depends on the extent of exposure to other groups. Nonetheless, every culture is in a dynamic state of adding or deleting components.

16. Sub — Cultures
-It refer to a smaller group within a larger cultural group
that has its own particular set of cultural values, beliefs and practices.
A subculture is usually composed of people who have a distinct identity and yet are also related to a larger cultural group
exampleA family member who practices a different religious faith than others in the family may be as uniquely different from other family members as she or he is like them

17. Acculturation
acculturation is the process or incorporating values, beliefs, and behaviors from the host culture into the immigrants' cultural worldview

18. Cultural Relativism
Judging and interpreting the behavior and belief of others in terms of their traditions
and experiences
. Cultural Self-Awareness: Understanding the assumptions and values upon which one's own behavior and worldview rests. The appreciation and acceptance of differences

19. Ethnicity
A group identity based on culture, language, religion, or a common attachment to a place or kin ties. Ethnicity is a relational concept.
Power: The ability to produce intended effects on oneself, on other people, and on things or situations.
Race: A biological term classifying people who have the same physical characteristics.

20. Racism: The belief that some human population groups are inherently superior or inferior to others because of genetically transmitted characteristics.
Social Stratification: The division of members of a society into strata (or levels) with an unequal access to wealth, prestige, power, opportunity, and other valued resources.

21. WHAT ARE VALUES ? 􀂙 They are our basic beliefs about what is
right, good, true, correct, desirable, moral,
and so on.
􀂙 All of us behave in ways that are consistent
with our values.

22. what is Norms They are expected behavior.
They provide rules about standards of appropriate behavior in particular situations.
Norms flow from cultural values about what is important in various situations

23. Beliefs
It is conviction based on information held by people for whish no socially acceptable means of validity exist.
-It is a conviction that is mentally accepted as true whether or not it
based on fact

24. Tradition
Ancient etho —- cultural — religious, beliefs and practices handed down through generations

25. Taboo
They are illegal act and thoughts to avoid actual or potential harm to self and others.

26. Do it for a better
tomorrow