1. CHAPTER 11 NERVOUS SYSTEM II
DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

2. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
PARTS:
BRAIN
SPINAL CORD

3. MENINGES DURA MATER TOUGH, WHITE, DENSE WHITE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
PERIOSTEUM OF SKULL BONES
BLOOD VESSELS
SOME AREAS PENETRATE BETWEEN BRAIN LOBES
DURAL SINUSES (VENOUS BLOOD)
CONTINUES DOWN AROUND SPINAL CORD
EPIDURAL SPACE: BLOOD VESSELS, CONNECTIVE TISSUE,
ADIPOSE TISSUE
ARACHNOID MATER
THIN, WEB-LIKE
NO BLOOD VESSELS
ON BRAIN BUT DOESN’T DIP INTO BRAIN
SUBARACHNOID SPACE: CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
PIA MATER
THIN
MANY NERVES AND BLOOD VESSELS TO NOURISH BRAIN & SPINAL
CORD CELLS

4. VENTRICLES 4 INTERCONNECTED CAVITIES IN BRAIN AND BRAIN STEM
CONNECT TO CENTRAL CANAL IN SPINAL CORD
OPENS TO SUBARACHNOID SPACE
CHOROID PLEXUSES:
SPECIALIZED CAPILLARIES OF PIA MATER THAT SECRETE CSF
COVERED BY EPENDYMAL CELLS WHICH FORM A BLOOD-CSF BARRIER
REGULATES CSF COMPOSITION BY FACILLITATED DIFFUSION AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT

5. CSF 140 ML FILLS SPACE PRODUCE 500ML/DAY ????
REABSORBED AT ARACHNOID GRANULATIONS
CLEAR, VISCID
HAS MORE SODIUM AND LESS POTASSIUM & GLUCOSE THAN OTHER EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS
FUNCTIONS:
PROTECTION: ABSORBS FORCE;
NUTRITION;
HOMEOSTASIS: IONIC CONCENTRATION;
REMOVAL OF WASTE;
PROBABLY TELLS AUTONMOMIC SYSTEM WHAT IS HAPPENING

6. SPINAL CORD FROM FORAMEN MAGNUM TO 1ST/2ND LUMBAR VERTEBRAE
31 SEGMENTS WITH PAIR OF SPINAL NERVES
THICKENINGS: WHERE? FOR?
CEVICAL ENLARGEMENT
LUMBAR ENLARGEMENT
CONUS MEDULARIS
FILUM TERMINALE TO COCCYX
CAUDA EQUINA
GROOVES:
ANTERIOR MEDIAN FISSURE: DEEP
POSTERIOR MEDIAN SULCUS: SHALLOW
WHITE MATTER ON OUTSIDE/ GREY MATTER ON INSIDE
GREY MATTER: MOSTLY INTERNEURONS, SOME MOTOR NEURONS
WHITE MATTER: 3 DIVISIONS:
ANTERIOR, LATERAL, POSTERIOR FUNICULI: MAJOR NERVE TRACTS

7. FUNCTIONS: REFLEX CENTER TRANSFER NERVE IMPULSES
SPINAL CORD
FUNCTIONS:
REFLEX CENTER
TRANSFER NERVE IMPULSES

8. REFLEX ARCS SIMPLEST: 2 NEURONS
SENSORY RECEPTOR ON DENDRITE OF SENSORY NEURON: AFFERENT
INTERNEURON: CNS: TO OTERH INTERNEURONS OR MOTOR NEURON
MOTOR NEURON: EFFERENT: TO EFFECTOR
EFFECTOR: SPINAL REFLEXES ARE SIMPLEST RESPONSE

9. REFLEX FUNCTIONS: MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS
AUTOMATIC ACTIONS: SWALLOWING, SNEEZING, COGHING, & VOMITTING
AUTOMATIC RESPONSES TO CHANGE IN STIMULI
SENSORY RECEPTOR SENSORY NEURON  CNS: INTERNEURONS  MOTOR NEURON  EFFECTOR
AFFERENT NEURON  INTERNEURON  EFFERENT NEURON
SPINAL REFLEXES: SIMPLEST
REST TO BRAIN

10. PATELLAR REFLEX/KNEE-JERK
MONOSYNATPTIC REFLEX: 2 NEURONS: SENSORY-MOTOR
STRIKING PATELLAR LIGAMENT
KEEPS UPRIGHT POSITION WHEN KNEE SAGS

11. WITHDRAWAL REFLEX PAIN STIMULI SENSORY INTERNEURON  MOTOR
SIGNAL TO ONE SET OF MUSCLES TO CONTRACT AND TO ANOTHER SET OF MUSCLES TO RELAX ??
IPSILATERAL FLEXOR CONTRACT/ CONTRALATERAL FLEXOR INHIBITED AND CONTRALATERAL EXTENDER CONTRACT TO TAKE SHIFT IN WEIGHT: CROSSED EXTENSOR REFLEX
ALSO SENDS MESSAGE TO BRAIN ??
FUNCTION??

12. ASCENDING/DESCENDING TRACTS
USUALLY ALL AXONS IN SAME TRACT ORIGINATE IN SAME PLACE AND TRAVEL TO SAME PLACE

13. ASCENDING TRACTS
FASCICULUS GRACILUS & FASCICULUS CUNEATUS: POSTERIOR FUNICULI; SENSORY IMPULSES FROM SKIN, MUSCLES, JOINTS, BONES; INFO FOR TOUCH, PRESSURE AND BODY MOVEMENT; MOST CROSS ??
SPINOTHALAMIC: LATERAL AND ANTERIOR FUNICULI; FROM DIFFERENT BODY REGIONS TO BRAIN; TOCU AND PRESSURE; CROSS OVER
SPINOCEREBELLAR: LATERAL FUNICULI; POSTERIOR UNCROSSED; ANTERIOR CROSSED; FROM LOWER LIMBS AND TRUNK TO CEREBELLUM FOR COORDINATION

14. DESCENDING TRACTS
CORTICOSPINAL: LATERAL AND ANTERIOR FUNICULI; CROSS OVER; VOLUNTARY MUSCLE MOVEMENTS (SKELETAL MUSCLES); PYRAMIDAL TRACTS
RETICULOSPINAL: LATERAL AND ANTERIOR FUNICULI; SOME LATERAL CROSS, ANTERIOR UNCROSSED; CONTROL MUSCLE TONE AND SWEAT GLANDS; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS
RUBROSPINAL: LATERAL FUNICULI; CROSS; MUSCLE COORDINATION AND MAINTENANCE OF POSTURE; EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS

15. BRAIN FUNCTIONS?? CEREBRUM; BRAIN STEM; CEREBELLUM
OVERSEES FUNCTIONS OF ENTIRE BODY
MEMORY; SENSES/PERCEPTION; HIGHER THINKING
PERSONALITY; EMOTIONS; YOU!!
CEREBRUM; BRAIN STEM; CEREBELLUM

16. CEREBRUM LARGETS; 2 HEMISPHERES; CORPUS COLLOSUM
GYRI; SULCHI/FISSURES: DIFFERENT IN DIFFERENT PEOPLE
LONGITUDINAL FISSURE
TRANSVERSE FISSURE
LOBES: SAME AS SKULL BONES
FRONTAL: ANTERIOR PORTION; INFRONT OF CENTRAL SULCHUS; ABOVE LATERAL SULCHUS
PARIETAL: BEHIND CENTRAL SULCHUS
TEMPORAL: BELOW LATERAL SULCHUS
OCCIPITAL: POSTERIOR; NO DISTINCT BOUNDARY IN
FRONT; TENTORIUM CEREBELLI: DURA MATER BETWEEN CEREBELLUM
INSULA: DEEP UNDER LATERAL SULCHUS; SEPARATED BY CIRCULAR SULCHUS

17. CEREBRUM
CEREBRAL CORTEX: THIN LAYER OF GRAY MATTER ; OUTERMOST LAYER OF CORTEX??
75% OF ALL CELL BODIES
REST: WHITE MATTER: MYELINATED NEURONS; SENSORY/MOTOR/INTERNEURON: PASSING BETWEEN HEMISPHERES OR AREAS OF CEREBRUM

18. FUNCTIONS
HIGHER BRAIN FUNCTIONS: INTERPRETING SENSORY STIMULI; INITIATING VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT; MEMORY; REASONING (USING MEMORY); INTELLIGENCE; PERSONALITY
FUNCTIONAL REGIONS:
SENSORY: INTERPRET SENSORY INFO PRODUCING FELLINGS
ASSOCIATION AREAS: ANALYZE AND INTERPRET SENSORY INFO AND PROVIDE MEMORY, REASONING, VERBALIZING, JUDGEMENT AND EMOTIONS
MOTOR: CARRY INFO TO EFFECTORS FOR PROPER RESPONSE TO SENSORY INFO

19. SENSORY
POSTCENTRAL GYRI OF ANTERIOR PORTION OF PARIETAL LOBE ALONG CENTRAL SULCHUS: TEMPERATURE; TOUCH; PRESSURE; PAIN;
POSTERIOR PORTION OF OCCIPITAL: VISION
BASE OF CENTRAL AND LATERAL SULCHI: TASTE
DEEP: SMELL
INFO CROSSES SO???
SIGHT AND HEARING GO TO BOTH SIDES ????
WENICKE’S AREA/SENSORY SPEECH AREA IN PARIETAL LOBE BEHIND LATERAL SULCHUS USUALLY IN LEFT HEMISPHERE: FROM VISUAL AND AUDITORY CORTEX FOR UNDERSTANDING WRITTEN AND SPOKEN LANGUAGE

20. ASSOCIATION
FRONTAL LOBES: HIGHER INTELLECTUAL PROCESSES: CONCENTRATING, PLANNING, COMPLEX PROBLEM SOLVING
PREFRONTAL AREAS: EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR, AWARENESS OF CONSEQUENCES
PARIETAL LOBES: HELP INTERPRET SENSORY INFO, UNDERSTANDING SPEECH, CHOOSING WORDS OF THOUGHT AND FEELING EXPRESSION, AWARENESS OF THE FORM OF OBJECTS
TEMPORAL LOBES: COMPLEX SENSORY EXPERIENCES TO UNDERSTAND SPEECH AND FOR READING, STORE MEMORIES OF VISUAL SCENES, MUSIC, OTHER COMPLEX PATTERNS
OCCIPITAL LOBES: ANALYZING VISUAL PATTERNS, RECOGNIZING THINGS (PEOPLE)
GENERAL INTERPRETIVE AREA: (WHERE TEMPORAL, PARIETAL AND OCCIPITAL MEET) PROCESSES SENSOPRY INFO FROM ALL 3 ASSOCIATION AREAS, INTEGRATING VISUAL, AUDITORY AND OTHER SENSES FOR INTREPRETATION

21. MOTOR AREAS
FRONTAL LOBES: PRIMARY MOTOR AREAS IN THE CORTEX WITH MANY LARGE PYRAMIDAL CELLS CONTROL MOST OF MOTOR ACTIVITY,
BROCA’S AREA: USUALLY LEFT HEMISPHERE, COMPLEX MUSCLE ACTION FOR SPEECH,
FRONTAL EYE FIELD: VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT OF EYES AND EYELIDS
SEND IMPULSES TO DESCENDING TRACTS

22. HEMISPHERE DOMINANCE
BOTH INVOLVED IN BASIC FUNCTIONS: RECEIVING AND ANALYZING SENSORY INFO, CONTROLING MUSCLE MOVEMENT ON OPPOSITE SIDE, STORING MEMORIES
ONE SIDE (IN MOST: LEFT) DOMINANT FOR: SPEECH, WRITING, READING, COMPLEX INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONS: VERBAL, ANALYTICAL, COMPUTATIONAL
NON-DOMINANT: NONVERBAL FUNCTIONS: ORIENTATION OF BODY SPACIALLY, UNDERSTANDING MUSICAL PATTERNS, VISUAL EXPERIENCES, EMOTIONAL AND INTUITIVE THOUGHT PROCESSES,

23. MEMORY PERSISTENCE OF LEARNING
WORKING/SHORT TERM MEMORY: ELECTRICAL, ONLY THERE AS LONG AS NEURONS ARE CONNECTED
LONG TERM: CHANGES STRUCTURE OR FUNCTION OF NEURONS TO ENHANCE TRANSMISSION, CAN MAKE LIMITLESS SYNATIC CONNECTIONS, SOME OF WHICH REMAIN UNCHANGED FOR YEARS

24. MEMORY CONSOLIDATION TURNING SHORT TERM INTO LONG TERM
LONG TERM SYNAPTIC POTENTIATION: REPEATED STIMULATION STRENGTHENS CONNECTION
HIPPOCAMPUS
AMYGDALA: ASSIGNS VALUE TO MEMORY

25. BASAL NUCLEI MASSES OF GREY MATTER DEEP IN CEREBRUM
CAUDATE NUCLEUS, PUTAMEN, GLOBUS PALLIDUS
PRODUCE DOPAMINE: INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTER
FACILITATE VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT BY INTERACTING WITH MOTOR CORTEX, THALAMUS AND CEREBELLUM

26. DIENCEPHALON BETWEEN HEMISPHERES ABOVE BRAINSTEM GREY MATTER
THALAMUS, HYPOTHALAMUS, OPTIC TRACTS AND CHIASMA, INFUNDIBULUM, POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND, MAMMILARY BODIES, PINEAL GLAND

27. THALAMUS
SELECTIVE GATEWAY FOR SENSORY IMPULSES (ALL BUT SMELL) TO APPROPRIATE AREAS OF CORTEX
CAN RECEIVE INFO FROM ANY PART OF CORTEX
SELECTS WHICH INFO TO SEND BASED ON SYNCHRONIZED ACTION POTENTIALS

28. HYPOTHALAMUS CONNECTED TO CEREBRAL CORTEX, THALAMUS, AND BRAINSTEM
MAINTAINS HOMEOSTASIS BY LINKING NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS:
HEART RATE
ATERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE
BODY TEMPERATURE
WATER & ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
HUNGER
BODY WEIGHT
MOVEMENTS AND SECRETIONS OF STOMACH & INTESTINES
PRODUCTION OF NUEROSECRETORY SUBSTANCES TO TELL PITUITARY GLAND TO REGULATE GROWTH, GLANDS AND REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS

29. LIMBIC SYSTEM
CEREBRAL CORTEX, HYPOTHALAMUS, THALAMUS, BASAL NUCLEI, DEEP NUCLEI= LIMBIC SYSTEM
CONTROLS EMOTIONAL EXPERIENCE AND EXPRESSION
CAUSING PLEASANT OR UNPLEASANT FEELINGS ABOUT EXPERIENCES AND GUIDES BEHAVIOR FOR SURVIVAL
ALSO INTERPRETS SMELL: WHICH IS WHY SMELL INFLUENCES EMOTIONS

30. BRAINSTEM CONNECTS BRAIN TO SPINAL CORD
HAS MANY NERVE TRACTS AND NUCLEI (GREY MATTER)
PARTS:
MIDBRAIN
PONS
MEDULAR OBLONGATA
RETICULAR FORMATION*

31. MIDBRAIN BETWEEN DIENCEPHALON AND BRAINSTEM
MYELINATED NERVE FIBERS AND GREY MATTER FOR REFLEX CENTER
CEREBRAL PENDUNCLES: NOTOR PATHWAYS
SENSORY BUNDLES TO THALAMUS
CORPORA QUADRIGEMINA: 4 NUCLEI: REFLEX CENTERS FOR VISUAL REFLEXES (SUPERIOR) AND AUDITORY REFLEXES (INFERIOR)
RED NUCLEUS: COMMUNICATES WITH CEREBELLUM & SPINAL CORD CENTERS: REFLEXES FOR POSTURE

32. PONS BETWEEN MIDBRAIN AND PONS
DORSAL: NERVES TO AND FROM MEDULA AND CEREBRUM
VENTRAL: MESSAGES FROM CEREBRUM TO CEREBELLUM
CENTER WHICH WORKS WITH MEDULLA FOR BASIC RHYTHM OF BREATHING

33. MEDULLA OBLONGATA BETWEEN PONS AND MAGNUM FORAMEN
FLOOR OF FOURTH VENTRICLE
NERVES TO CEREBELLUM
ALL ASCENDING AND DESCENDING NERVE FIBERS PASS THROUGH
WHITE MATTER ON OUTSIDE; GREY MATTER IN CENTER FORMING NUCLEI: PASS SENSORY INFO, CROSSOVER
CARDIAC CENTER: INCREASE/DECREASE HEART RATE
VASOMOTOR CENTER: VASOCONSTRICTION: INCREASE BLOOD PRESSURE OR OPPOSITE ACTION
RESPIRATORY CENTER: ADJUSTS RATE AND DEPTH OF BREATHING, WITH PONS CONTROLS BASIC RHYTHM
COUGHING, SNEEZING, SWALLOWING AND VOMITTING
INJURIES TO MEDULLA: ??
FATAL

34. RETICUALR FORMATION
IN MEDULLA, PONS AND MIDBRAIN: NETWORK CONNECTS HYPOTHALAMUS, BASAL NUCLEI, CEREBELLUM AND CEREBRUM
WHEN STIMULATED WAKES UP CEREBRAL CORTEX
DECREASED ACTIVITY= SLEEP
INJURY= COMA
FILTERS SENSORY INFO: KEEPS CORTEX FROM DEALING WITH UNIMPORTANT STIMULATIONREGULATE MOTOR ACTIVITIES SO MUSCLES MOVE EVENLY
INHIBITS/ENHANCES SOME SPINAL REFLEXES
INTENSE CEREBRAL CORTEX ACTIVITY KEEPS PERSON AWAKE

35. SLEEP SLOW-WAVE: NON-REM: DECREASING ACTIVITY OF RETICULAR FORMATION
RESTFUL, DREAMLESS, REDUCED BLOOD PRESSURE AND RESPIRATORY RATE; LIGHT TO HEAVY: 4 STAGES: MINUTES
REM: PARADOXICAL SLEEP: SOME BRAIN AREAS ARE ACTIVE; DREAM SLEEP; 5-15 MINUTES; HEART AND RESPIRATORY RATES VARY

36. CEREBELLUM BELOW OCCIPITAL LOBES
TWO LATERAL HEMISPHERES: SEPARATED BY FALX CEREBELLI CONNECTED BY VERMIS
WHITE MATTER: ARBOR VITAE WITH GREY MATTER ON OUTSIDE
CEREBELLAR PENDUNCLES: NERVE TRACTS
INFERIOR: SENSORY INFO ABOUT POSITION OF BODY PARTS
MIDDLE: FROM CEREBRAL CORTEX ABOUT DESIRED POSITION OF BODY PARTS
SUPERIOR: MOTOR IMPULSES TO MOVE BODY TO APPROPRIATE POSITION: INCORPORATES OTHER BRAIN AREAS
FOR COORDINATION AND BALANCE, EQUILIBRIUM (SEMICIRCULAR CANALS)

37. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVES THAT BRANCH FROM CNS
CRANIAL NERVES
SPINAL NERVES
2 PARTS:
SOMATIC:
CNS TO SKIN, & SKELETAL MUSCLES: CONCIOUS
AUTONOMIC:
CNS TO VISCERA: SUBCONCIOUS

38. PERIPHERAL NERVES FASCIA
EPINEURIUM:
AROUND WHOLE NERVE; DENSE; COLLAGENOUS FIBERS
PERINEURIUM:
SURROUNDS FASCICLE; LOOSER CONNECTIVE TISSUE
ENDONEURIUM:
LOOSER CONNECTIVE TISSUE; INDIVIDUAL NEURON
BLOOD VESSELS IN EPINEURIUM AND PERINEURIUM BECOME CAPPILLARIES IN ENDONEURIUM ??

39. SENSORY MOTOR MIXED CRANIAL NERVES SPINAL NERVES
NERVE CLASSIFICATION
SENSORY
MOTOR
MIXED
CRANIAL NERVES
SPINAL NERVES

40. SUBDIVISIONS OF NERVE FIBERS
IN BRAIN OR SPINAL NERVES:
GENERAL SOMATIC EFFERENT FIBERS:
MOTOR IMPULSES TO SKELETAL MUSCLES
GENERAL VISCERAL EFFERENT FIBERS
TO SMOOTH MUSCLES OR GLANDS
GENERAL SOMATIC AFFERENT FIBERS
FROM SKIN OR SKELETAL MUSCLES TO CNS
GENERAL VISCERAL AFFERENT FIBERS
FROM BLOOD VESSELS AND INTERNAL ORGANS TO CNS

41. SPECIALIZED CRANIAL NERVE FIBERS
SPECIAL SOMATIC EFFERENT FIBERS:
MOTOR IMPULSES TO MUSCLES FOR CHEWING, SWALLOWING AND SPEAKING
SPECIAL VISCERAL AFFERENT FIBERS:
SENSORY FROM OLFACTORY AND TASTE
SPECIAL SOMATIC AFFERENT FIBERS:
SENSORY FROM SIGHT, HEARING, AND EQUILIBRIUM

42. HOW MANY? 12 PAIRS ALL BUT FIRST 2 FROM BRAINSTEM SEE HANDOUT
CRANIAL NERVES
HOW MANY?
12 PAIRS
ALL BUT FIRST 2 FROM BRAINSTEM
SEE HANDOUT

44. http://hicheeky. files. wordpress. com/2009/10/cranial_nerves_netter

45. SPINAL NERVES HOW MANY: 31 PAIRS ALL BUT FIRST ARE MIXED
8 PAIRS OF CERVICAL NERVES: C1-C8
12 PAIRS OF THORACIC NERVES: TI-T12
5 PAIRS OF LUMBAR NERVES: L1-L5
5 PAIRS OF SACRAL NERVES: S1-S5
1 PAIR OF COCCYGEAL NERVES C0

46. CAUDA EQUINA ADULT SPINAL CORD ENDS????
LUMBAR, SACRAL, AND COCYGEAL NERVES DESCEND TO THEIR EXITS BEYOND THE END

47. SPINAL ROOTS EACH NERVE HAS 2 ROOTS DORSAL ROOT VENTRAL ROOT
POSTERIOR: SENSORY
DORSAL ROOT GANGLION:
CELL BODIES
DIRECTION????
DERMATOME: AREA OF SKIN INNERVATED BY SPINAL NERVE
VENTRAL ROOT
ANTERIOR:MOTOR ROOT
CELL BODIES IN GREY MATTER

48. SPINAL NERVES BOTH ROOTS UNITE TO FORM NERVE 4 BRANCHES
MENINGEAL BRANCH:
BACK INTO VENTRAL CANAL TO MENINGES, BLOOD VESSELS AND INTERVERTEBRAL LIGAMENTS
DORSAL BRANCH:
POSTERIORLY: INNERVATES SKIN AND MUSCLES OF BACK
VENTRAL BRANCH:
MAIN BRANCH, MUSCLE AND SKIN ON FRONT, SIDES AND LIMBS
VISCERAL BRANCH:
ONLY IN THORACIC AND LUMBAR REGIONS, TO ORGANS, PART OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

49. PLEXUSES IN ALL REGIONS BUT THORACIC AREAS
NEURONS ARE RECOMBINED SO THAT ALL NEURONS GOING TO A PARTICULAR AREA TRAVEL THROUGH THE SAME NERVES EVEN IF THEY COME FROM DIFFERENT SPINAL NERVES
TYPES:
CERVICAL:
IN NECK, BRANCHES FROM C1-C4; TO MUSCLES AND SKIN OF NECK
BRACHIAL:
C5-8 AND T1; TO SHOULDER AREA; 10 DIFFERENT MUSCLES
LUMBOSACRAL:
T12 TO C0; 5 NERVES; LOWER ABDOMEN TO FEET (SCIATIC NERVES: LARGEST/LONGEST)

50. VENTRAL BRANCHES DON’T FORM PLEXUSES; BECOME INTERCOSTAL NERVES

51. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
PART OF PNS
AUTONOMOUS??
CONTROLS SMOOTH MUSCLE, CARDIAC MUSCLE AND GLANDS
HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE, BREATHING RATE, BODY TEMPERATURE AND OTHER HOMEOSTASIC MECHANISMS

52. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
REFLEXES: START WITH RECEPTORS IN VISCERA AND SKIN THROUGH AFFERENT FIBERS TO NERVE CENTERS IN BRAIN OR SPINAL CORD, TRANSLATED AND INTEGRATED TO CRANIAL AND PERIPHERAL NERVES TO GANGLIA OUTSIDE CNS WHERE MESSAGE IS INTEGRATED; TO EFFERENT FIBERS TO MUSCLE AND BONE
SOME INDEPENDENCE FROM REST OF BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

53. AUTONOMIC NERVE FIBERS
EFFERENT/MOTOR
UNLIKE SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM HAS 2 NEURONS:
PREGANGLIONIC: CELL BODY IN CNS
POSTGANGLIONIC: CELL BODY IN AUTONOMIC GANGLION; TO EFFECTOR

54. SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC
DIVISIONS
SYMPATHETIC
PARASYMPATHETIC

55. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION T1-L2
PREGANGLIONIC FIBERS ENTER THE SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA
SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLIA/PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLIA: BOTH SIDES OF SPINAL CORD; UNDER PARIETAL PLEURA & PERITONEUM
SYMPATHETIC TRUNKS: SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA PLUS FIBERS OF CONNECTION
COLLATERAL GANGLIA: GANGLIA CLOSER TO VISCERA

56. SYMPATHETIC DIVISION FOUND IN T1-L2
PREGANGLIONIC FIBERS EXIT VENTRAL ROOT AND SYNAPSE WITH POSTGANGLIONIC FIBER IN SYMPATHETIC GANGLION NEAR SPINAL CORD, OR TRAVELS ALONG SYMPATHETIC TRUNK TO ANOTHER GANGLION OR TRAVELS TO COLLATERAL GANGLION NEARER THE ORGAN OR GLAND

57. PREGANGLIONIC FIBERS
MAY SYNAPSE IN PARAVERTEBRAL GANLIA, PASS THROUGH GANGLIA ALONG SYMPATHETIC TRUNKS & SYNAPSE IN OTHER GANGLIA OF TRUNK, OR TO COLLATERAL GANGLIA TO SYNAPSE

58. SYMPATHETIC CHAIN GANGLION/PARAVERTEBRAL GANGLION: 2 GROUPS OF GANGLIA IN CHAINS ALONG SPINAL CORD
SYMPATHETIC TRUNKS: GANGLIA AND FIBERS OF CONNECTION
COLLATERAL GANGLIA: SYMPATHETIC GANGLIA NEARER VISCERA

60. AUTONOMIC NEUROTRANSMITTERS
PREGANGLIONIC FIBERS OF BOTH DIVISIONS SECRETE ACETYLCHOLINE: CHOLINERGIC FIBERS
POSTGANGLIONIC OF PARASYMPATHETIC: CHOLINERGIC
POSTGANGLIONIC OF SYMPATHETIC: RELEASE NOREPINEPHRINE: ADRENERGIC
TO SWEAT GLANDS AND SOME BLOOD VESSELS ARE CHOLINERGIC
MOST ORGANS ARE INNNERVATED BY BOTH WITH OPOSING ACTIONS
SYMPATHETIC TONE: BLOOD VESSELS ONLY INNERVATED BY SYMPATHETIC ; DECREASING STIMULATION: VASODILATION; INCREASING: VASOCONSTRICTION

61. AUTONOMIC NEUROTRANSMITTER ACTION
BIND TO PROTEIN RECEPTOR: ALTERS MEMBRANE: CAUSING SMOOTH MUSCLE TO CONTRACT AND GLAND TO SECRETE
ACETYLCHOLINE BINDS TO 2 RECEPTORS:
MUSCARINIC: IN EFFECTOR CELL MEMBRANES OF ALL POSTGANGLIONIC PARASYMPATHETIC NERVE FIBERS AND ALL CHOLINERGIC SYMPATHETIC FIBERS;
RESPONSES ARE EXCITATORY BUT SLOW
NICOTINIC: BETWEEN PREGANGLIONIC AND POSTGANGLIONIC OF BOTH; RESPONSES ARE EXCITATORY AND FAST
NOREPINEPHRINE FROM SYMPATHETIC TO ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS
ALPHA
BETA
STIMULATION OF EACH IS EXCITATORY BUT DIFFERENT IN DIFFERENT ORGANS, THE OVERALL EFFECT IS DETERMINED BY HOW MANY OF EACH RECEPTOR TYPE ARE IN THE CELL MEMBRANE

62. ENDING NEUROTRANSMITTER ACTION
ACETYLCHOLINE: ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE: RELEASED QUICKLY SO ACETYLCHOLINE USUALLY HAS A SHORT STIMULATION
NOREPINEPHRINE: RE-UPTAKE: ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND INACTIVATED BY MONOAMINEOXIDASE OF MITHOCHONDRIA; TAKES LONGER SO SOME MAY DIFFUSE INTO BLOODSTREAM COULD WORK UP TO 30 SECONDS

63. CONTROL OF AUTONOMIC ACTIVITY
MOSTLY BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD: LIKE MEDULLA, HYPOTHALAMUS
LIMBIC SYSTEM, CEREBRAL CORTEX: CONTROL DURING STRESS
GANGLIA PROVIDE SOME INDEPENDENCE
ALSO AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM CAN AFFECT EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION AND BEHAVIOR

64. LIFE SPAN CHANGES
APOPTOSIS: PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH; BEGINS BEFORE BIRTH; CONTINUES THROUGH LIFE; WHEN IT STOPS DISEASE OCCURS
30: APOPTOSIS INCREASES (SOME STEM CELLS STILL)
RESULTS IN 10% BRAIN SHRINKAGE OVER LIFE; AT DIFFERENT SPEEDS IN DIFFERENT AREAS: MORE IN CEREBRAL CORTEX
DENDRITIC BRANCHES OF CEREBRAL CORTEX DECREASE; SLOWING TRANSMISSION; DECREASING NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND ENZYMES TO MAKE THEM; MAY DECREASE 5-10%; DISEASES: STROKE, DEPRESSION, ALZEIMER’S, PARKINSON’S, DEMETIA

65. FADING MEMORIES
SLOWING REFLEXES AND RESPONSES
DECREASING BLOOD PRESSURE
70: ANKLE NERVES CAN’T PICK UP VIBRATIONS AS WELL: LOSS OF BALANCE; POOR EYESIGHT; ANEMIA; INNER EAR MALFUNCTION: POOR BALANCE: MORE FALLS
RETICULAR ACTIVATING CENTER AFFECTED: SLEEP LESS; HARDER TO FALL ASLEEP AND STAY ASLEEP; MOVE MORE; SLOW WAVE AND REM SLEEP DECREASES: NAP MORE