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Chapter 1 What is Psychology?.

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1 Chapter 1 What is Psychology?

2 The Science of Psychology: An Appreciative View, 2nd Edition (King)
Overview The Science of Psychology: An Appreciative View by Laura King (University of Missouri at Columbia) brings a truly appreciative view of psychology - as a science and for exploring behavior. students must study the discipline of psychology as a whole sub-disciplines are intricately connected human behavior is best understood by exploring its functioning state in addition to its potential dysfunctions

3 Chapter Preview Defining Psychology
Psychology in Historical Perspective Contemporary Approaches to Psychology What Psychologists Do Science of Psychology and Health and Wellness

4 Psychology: Defined Psychology is the scientific study of
behavior and mental processes. Three Key Components science – systematic methods behavior – what can be directly observed mental processes – thoughts, feelings, motives IM: Defining Psychology Activity Note: Instructors should note the goals of psychology – to describe, predict, and explain behavior. Those goals can easily be tied to the research methods discussed in Chapter 2 for added emphasis. DISCUSSION: Psychology was not always a SCIENCE… or originally was a STUDY. What can make something a science?  Semantics = the study of meaning (very important in AP Psychology)

5 Science of Psychology Critical Thinking Skepticism Objectivity
Curiosity CSOC IM: Defining Psychology Activity Note: Instructors should note the goals of psychology – to describe, predict, and explain behavior. Those goals can easily be tied to the research methods discussed in Chapter 2 for added emphasis. 5

6 Goals of Psychology to describe behavior to predict behavior
to explain behavior Can we do this successfully without critical thinking, skepticism, objectivity and curiosity? … and sometimes to manipulate or control behavior for either good or evil…

7 Psychology – A General Science
Psychology is not limited to the study of psychological disorders. Freud’s view of human nature positive psychology – a branch of psychology that emphasizes human strengths Example: Amish forgiveness (p. 7-8) IM: Defining Psychology Activity Note: Instructors should note the goals of psychology – to describe, predict, and explain behavior. Those goals can easily be tied to the research methods discussed in Chapter 2 for added emphasis. 7

8 Narcissism Epidemic Narcissism…unusually self-confident, self-assertive, and self-centered. Generation born since 1980s “More narcissistic than early generations” vs. “Attitudes have been stable over time” Activity/Demonstration: Ask students first to provide real-world examples of altruistic behavior IM: Truly Altruistic Activity IM: Activity Handout 1.3: Are You Altruistic?

9 History of Psychology Western Philosophy Biology and Physiology
Wilhelm Wundt ( ) 1879 – established 1st psychology lab

10 History of Psychology Western Philosophy Later Philosophers
Socrates, Plato and Aristotle Later Philosophers Rene Descartes Argued that the mind and body were completely separate

11 Wilhelm Wundt’s Structuralism
identified structures of the mind (mental processes) introspection (“looking inside”) systematic, detailed self-reports (science) VIL-HELM VOONT IM: Structuralism Activity NOTE: Titchener actually came up wit the term “structuralism” because this idea centered on the structures of the mind. TANGENT: Titchener focused mainly on sensation and perception, specifically used the sense of taste.

12 William James’ Functionalism
identified the functions and purposes of the mind stream of consciousness human interactions with outside world why is human thought adaptive? Brother of author IM: Functionalism Activity NOTES: James believed that the mind was fluid-like and was ever-changing based on environmental changes (stream of consciousness).

13 Psychology and Evolution
Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species, 1859 Natural Selection competition for resources genetic characteristics that promote reproduction and survival are favored environmental changes alter course of evolution IM: Activity Handout 1.2: To Be Extinct or Not

14 Contemporary Approaches
Current Psychological Perspectives Biological Behavioral Psychodynamic Humanistic Cognitive Evolutionary Sociocultural Note: It is important to stress early and often that these approaches are complementary, not contradictory… that they really represent different levels of analysis.

15 The biological approach focuses on the brain and nervous system.
Neuroscience study of the structure, function, development, genetics, biochemistry of the nervous system thoughts and emotions have physical basis in brain allowed psychologists to better understand the brain

16 2. Behavioral Approach Notable Behaviorists
The behavioral approach focuses on the environmental determinants of observable behavior. Notable Behaviorists John Watson B.F. Skinner rejected thought processes “Watson and Skinner believed that if you couldn’t see something, the it just didn’t exist.”

17 Noted Behaviorist: John Watson
"Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select--doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. I am going beyond my facts and I admit it, but so have the advocates of the contrary and they have been doing it for many thousands of years." –John B. Watson, Behaviorism, 1930 Notable Behaviorists John Watson B.F. Skinner rejected thought processes

18 Noted Behaviorist: B.F. Skinner
I did not direct my life. I didn't design it. I never made decisions. Things always came up and made them for me. That's what life is. -- B. F. Skinner If you're old, don't try to change yourself, change your environment. Notable Behaviorists John Watson B.F. Skinner rejected thought processes

19 Psychodynamic Approach: Freud
Known as the founding father of the psychodynamic approach Believed that there are unlearned biological instincts (especially of a sexual and/or aggressive nature) that can occur early in life and these instincts influence how a person thinks, feels, and behaves Had a couch 

20 4. Humanistic Approach Humanists emphasize Humanistic Theorists
positive human qualities capacity for positive growth free will Humanistic Theorists Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow

21 Humanistic Approach: Carl Rogers
The only person who is educated is the one who has learned how to learn and change. -- Carl Rogers I believe that the testing of the student's achievements in order to see if he meets some criterion held by the teacher, is directly contrary to the implications of therapy for significant learning. Humanists emphasize positive human qualities capacity for positive growth free will

22 Humanistic Approach: Abraham Maslow
What is necessary to change a person is to change his awareness of himself. -- Abraham Maslow Humanists emphasize positive human qualities capacity for positive growth free will

23 5. Cognitive Approach The cognitive approach emphasizes the
mental processes involved in knowing. Information Processing …how humans interpret incoming info, weigh it, store it, and apply it

24 6. Evolutionary Approach
The evolutionary approach uses ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection to explain human behavior. Evolutionary Psychologists David Buss Leda Cosmides

25 7. Sociocultural Approach
examines how social and cultural environments influence behavior and mental processes studies differences between ethnic and cultural groups within and across countries

26 Careers in Psychology Practice / Applied Research Teaching
Activity/Demonstration: It might be helpful to invite a few colleagues or professional in to your class to discuss their area of specialization and/or career Note: Instructors might either delete and/or elaborate on these areas of specialization

27 Areas of Specialization
Physiological Psych / Behavioral Neuroscience Sensation and Perception Learning Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Motivation & Emotion Psychology of Women & Gender Personality Psychology Social Psychology Industrial / Organizational Psychology Clinical & Counseling Psychology Health Psychology Activity/Demonstration: It might be helpful to invite a few colleagues or professional in to your class to discuss their area of specialization and/or career Note: Instructors might either delete and/or elaborate on these areas of specialization

28 Areas of Specialization
Also (but not addressed in text beyond this chapter) Community Psychology School & Educational Psychology Environmental Psychology Forensic Psychology Sport Psychology Cross-Cultural Psychology Activity/Demonstration: It might be helpful to invite a few colleagues or professional in to your class to discuss their area of specialization and/or career Note: Instructors might either delete and/or elaborate on these areas of specialization 28

29 Career Settings in Psychology

30 Influence of Culture Individualistic Cultures Collectivistic Cultures
individuals viewed as unique and distinct from their social group value independence Collectivistic Cultures emphasize social group and the individual’s role within that group value interdependence Note: Instructors should stress that, although personal happiness is positively correlated with individualism, there is a price (e.g., higher suicide and divorce rates)

31 Influence of Culture Individualistic subjects Collectivistic subjects
prefer to work on tasks that they have had previous success with like to emphasize their successes Collectivistic subjects prefer to work on tasks that they have difficulty with self-critical view

32 Science of Psychology and Health and Wellness
Mind-Body Connections how the mind impacts the body how the body impacts the mind IM: Is It Good For You? Activity Activity/Demonstration: Have students generate the examples called for in this slide, or have them sort your examples into the two categories DISCUSSION: Placebo Effect

33 Chapter Summary Explain what psychology is and how it differs from an every-day, informal approach to understanding human nature. Discuss the roots and early scientific foundations of psychology. Summarize the main themes of the seven approaches to psychology. List some of the areas of specialization and careers in psychology. Describe the connections between the mind and the body. Note: Instructors may use the learning objectives presented on this slide or the following two slides to summarize the chapter material

34 Chapter Summary Defining Psychology
scientific study of behavior and mental processes Historical Foundations of Psychology origins in philosophy and physiology structuralism – Wilhelm Wundt functionalism – William James evolutionary theory – Charles Darwin

35 Chapter Summary Contemporary Approaches to Psychology
current approaches – complementary Specializations and Careers in Psychology practice, research, teaching academic, clinic, private practice, industry, school Science of Psychology and Health and Wellness mind-body connection is a “two-way street”

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