1. Functional Groups IB

2. Objectives
Concepts:
–Functional group, alkane, alkene, alkyne, alcohol, carbonyl, aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, ether, ester, amine, amide, halogenoalkane
–Primary alcohol, secondary alcohol, tertiary alcohol, primary amine, secondary amine, tertiary amine,
Skills:
–Draw and state names of the compounds containing up to six carbon atoms with the following functional groups: aldehyde, ketone, carboxylic acid, alcohol, amide, amine, ester and halogenoalkane.

3. Functional Groups
As has already been indicated, alkanes are relatively unreactive.
For an organic molecule to be reactive it needs something additional.
A site of reactivity in an organic molecule is called a functional group.
C=C double is a functional group.
Other functional groups contain elements other than C or H, notably O, N and Cl.

4. Functional Group
A functional group could be an atom or a group of atoms within a molecule that is responsible for its characteristic chemical reactions.

5. alkanes C H Only carbon and hydrogen All single bonds
Their names end with -ane
Ethane

6. alkenes H C Only carbon and hydrogen A carbon to carbon double bond
Their names end with -ene
Ethene

7. alkynes H C Only carbon and hydrogen A carbon to carbon triple bond
Their names end with -yne
Ethyne

8. alcohols Only one oxygen Has an O-H group
Can be classified as 1º/2º/3º according to position of O-H group on carbon skeleton
They are named as alkanol C H O
Ethanol

9. C H O H3 C H O C H O Tertiary alcohol Primary alcohol
Secondary alcohol

10. aldehydes H O C Only one oxygen Has a C=O group
C=O group is at the end of the carbon chain, so is next door to a hydrogen atom
They are named as alkanal
Ethanal

11. ketones C H O Only one oxygen Has a C=O group
C=O group is not at the end of carbon chain, so is next door to 2 carbons
They are named as alkanone C H O
Propanone

12. esters
Has 2 oxygens
One oxygen is part of a C=O bond, the other is next door, sandwiched between two carbons.
They are named as Alkylalkanoate C H O
Methylethanoate

13. carboxylic acids H O C Has 2 oxygens
Has O-H and C=O groups on the same carbon atom
This -COOH group has to be at the end of a carbon chain.
They are named as alkanoic acid C H O
Ethanoic acid

14. ether Has 1 oxygen No O-H or C=O group
The oxygen is sandwiched between two carbon atoms
Their names end with -ether C H O
Ethylmethylether

15. Amines Contain Nitrogen Has an –NH2 group
Can be classified as 1º/2º/3º according to the number of carbon atoms connected to the N
They are named as alkyl amine C H N
Ethylamine

17. Amide H O C Has NH2 and C=O groups on the same carbon atom
They are named as alkanamide C H O N H H
Ethanamide

18. Haloalkanes C Cl H
Have the general formula R-X where R is an alkyl group and X is a halogen
They are named as haloalkanes
Chloroethane

19. What family does it belong to?C H

20. What family does it belong to?C H O

21. What family does it belong to?C H O

22. What family does it belong to?C O

23. What family does it belong to?C H O

24. What family does it belong to?C H O

25. What family does it belong to?C H O

26. What family does it belong to?C H O