1. UNIT V-----PERSONALITY
Personality refers to your characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
Motive---stimulus that moves a person to behave in ways
designed to accomplish a specific goal. ---
WHYS of behavior

2. Objectives and agenda 12/9
Review the Stages of development
Build an understanding of how needs and drive develop the idea of motivation
List the different theories of motivation
Agenda
Work on vocabulary for chapters 11,12—adolescence and adulthood
Needs and drive
Video—127 Hours—list his psychological needs and biological needs
Theories of motivation notes.
What is a hero? Group work—list
Group—list the major ideas of childhood (10), adolescence (11), and adulthood (12)
HW—Review questions for chapter Test on Development will be on Friday

3. Personality

4. The Psychology of Motivation
Needs
Need—condition in which we require something we lack.
Biological and psychological
Achievement, self-esteem a sense of belonging and social approval---psychological
Need for sleep, food, etc---biological---BASED UPON DEPRIVATION
Psychological needs are not necessarily based on deprivation.
Psychological needs may be learned
Drives
Needs give rise to drives
Drives—the forces that motivate an organism to take action
Hunger, thirst both drives---the experience of the is psychological

5. 127 Hours

6. major theories of MOTIVATION
Instinct / Evolutionary Perspective
Drive Reduction
Incentive
Arousal Theory
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

7. Objectives and agenda Objectives Agenda
Review and be able to work with the theories of motivation
Practice the “hunger” biological drive
Review the different types of Achievement motivation
Agenda
Work on worksheet as a warm-up
Notes (quiz) on theories of motivation
Skit on hunger drive
Achievement motivation notes
Work on Study guide.----Review WIKI

8. Instinct (Motivational Theory # 1)
Refers to inherited patterns of behavior that are unlearned (genetically transmitted)
Ex: Imprinting

9. Instinct (Motivational Theory #1)
+ Provides survival value – Doesn’t meet the complexity of most human behavior Hero instinct
Instinct to Survive

10. Drive Reduction Theory (Motivational Theory # 2)
Drive Reduction Theory: idea that physiological (biological) needs create drives which motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
Ex: Thirstiness (physiological need) creates tension state (drive) which motivates you to get water.
After you drink, the drive is reduced and you are closer to homeostasis.

13. Incentive Theory (Motivational Theory #3)
Incentives Theory: a positive or negative ENVIRONMENTAL (has to be external) stimulus motivates behavior.
Incentives are not “needs”.
Ex: money, etc.

14. Contrasting approaches
Drive reduction theory
5 hours since last meal
Hunger
internal
Incentive theory
Ice cream truck
Palatability (good tasting)
external

15. Arousal Theory (Motivational Theory #4)
Based on 2 basic ideas:
Individuals perform tasks at different levels of arousal (wakefulness/stress).
Each individual seeks to find its optimal level of arousal to perform tasks and to avoid boredom.
People with high levels of optimal arousal may be more susceptible to thrill seeking activities while those with low levels may seek out more relaxing quiet activities.
We are motivated to do some things to maintain our arousal.
Babies Explore their surroundings out of curiosity.

16. Arousal Theory (Motivational Theory #4)

17. Babies Illustrating Optimal Arousal

18. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Motivation Theory 5)
Physical Needs at bottom must be met first.
Psychological goals come after…ultimate goal is self actualization.

19. Quick Review: Why Do We Eat?
Incentive Theory would argue:
Drive Reduction Theory would argue:
Optimal Arousal Theory would argue:

20. The Hypothalamus--Left side—“start eating” center. (LH)
Activity--Biological Needs: focus on Hunger The Hunger Drive—regulated by both biological and psychological factors.
The role of the mouth
The role of the stomach
The Hypothalamus--Left side—“start eating” center. (LH)
Underside—(VHM)-“stop eating” center
Psychological influences

21. Culture’s Influence on Eating (disorders)
Many argue the impossible standards of beauty put out by popular culture has lead to an increase in eating disorders:
Anorexia Nervosa: eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet still feels fat and starves themselves.
Bulimia Nervosa: an eating disorder usually characterized by excessive eating followed by vomiting.

22. Changing Beauty Standards Correlate with Eating Disorders
KATE MOSS
IDEAL UNTIL 1900’S
MARILYN MONROE

23. Anorexia Often Ends In Death

24. Achievement Motivation
Achievement Motivation: desire to accomplish things and attaining a high standard.
2 Types of Achievement Motivation:
Intrinsic Motivation: performing task for its own sake.
Extrinsic Motivation: performing task because of you will receive rewards or punishments.

25. Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic
Mom: “I’ll give you $5 for every A.’’
Controlling reward
Child: “As long as she pays,
I’ll study.’’
Extrinsic motivation
Mom: “Your grades were great!
Let’s celebrate by going out
for dinner.’’
Informative reward
Child: “I love doing well.’’
Intrinsic motivation

26. Look these three theories up in Chapter 13 and define.
Cognitive Consistency
Balance Theory
Cognitive-Dissonance theory

27. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
1. TRAIT APPROACH
2. PSYCHOANALITIC APPROACH
3. LEARNING APPROACH
4. HUMANISTIC APPROACH
5. SOCIOCULTURAL APPROACH

28. Trait Theory

29. Trait-an aspect of personality that is considered to be reasonably stable.
Can be assumed by how one behaves
Anxious and avoiding social settings-shy
Making jokes with friends-outgoing and humorous

30. Hippocrates Fluids called humors Yellow bile--quick-tempered, Choleric
Blood--warm and cheerful
Phlegm--sluggish and cool
Black bile--thoughtful temperament
Melancholic
Four Humors needed to be balance to have good health.

31. Gordon Allport—18,000 traits
Traits categorized
Physical Traits
Behavioral Traits
Assumed traits were inherited and were the building blocks of personality

32. Hans Eysenck
Introverts-tend to be imaginative and look inward rather than to others for their ideas and energy
Extroverts-tend to be active and self-expressive and gain energy from interaction with other people
Stable—reliable and composed and rational
Unstable –agitated and unpredictable

34. The Five Factor Model
Personalities tend to mature rather than be shaped by environmental conditions
Are effected by society and culture
Big five are important in defining a person’s psychological makeup.
1. Extroversion
2. emotional stability
3. Conscientiousness
4. Agreeableness
5. openness to experience.

35. The Five Factor Modal

36. Objectives and agenda Objectives Agenda
Describe the psychoanalytic theory and Freud’s role
Compare other psychologists to Freud’s model
Agenda
Warm-up—list the traits of the most interesting man or woman in the world
Notes on Freud
Defense mechanism worksheet
Group—chart on other psychologists
Homework—outline the last three approaches

37. The Most Interesting Man in the World
If you were to describe your own idea of the most interesting man/woman in the world, what personality traits would you give him?

38. The Psychoanalytic Perspective
Mostly based on the ideas of Sigmund Freud.
Freud argued that personality was mostly influenced by unconscious conflicts/motivations and early childhood sexuality/experiences.
From his viewpoint, only through understanding your unconscious conflicts can you overcome psychological problems like depression, anxiety, etc.

39. Structure of Our Personality According to FreudId
Superego
Ego
Conscious mind
Unconscious
mind
To Freud, personality is like an iceberg.
We can only see a very small part of it (conscious) while most of it is unseen (unconscious)

40. Parts of Personality According to Freud
Id: largest part of your personality that is unconscious, and operates to satisfy biological, sexual and aggressive drives.
Seeks immediate gratification and operates according to the pleasure principle.

41. Parts of Personality According to Freud
Ego: the largely conscious part of your personality that mediates conflict between your id and superego.
Operates according to the reality principle satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

43. Your Personality Arises From Conflict Between Pleasure Seeking Impulses (Id) and Social Restraints (Superego) Against Them

44. Personality Development
According to Freud, personality developed during the life’s first few years.
adult’s conflicts are rooted in unresolved conflicts from early childhood
Psychosexual Stages: childhood stages of development during which according to Freud, the id’s pleasure seeking energies are focused on distinct erogenous zones.

45. Stages of Development—personality goes through 5 stages—birth through adolescence
The oral Stage
First year of life—explore—needs not met, stuck in oral stage—smoking, overeating, talking, nail-biting (may be clinging, dependent on relationships
The Anal Stage
One and a half and two
Can control their own bodily functions—self control becomes a vital issue
Anal-retentive—perfectionism and excessive needs for order and cleanliness
The Phallic Stage
Discover physical differences between sexes—strong attachments to parent of opposite sex
Complex emotions—can lead to depression, guilt and anxiety later
The Latency Stage
Five or six
Retreat from conflict with parents and repress aggressive urges. “hidden”—hide emotions
The Genital Stage
Puberty
No new psychological conflicts
More aware of gender identify

46. Defense Mechanisms--defense mechanisms
Repression—pushes anxiety into the unconscious—tea kettle
Rationalization—self use of deceptions to justify unacceptable behaviors or ideas
Displacement-transfer of an idea or impulse from threatening to less threatening. Father hit son, son hits friend
Regression—stress—return to earlier behavior
Projection—project impulses outward onto other people—see their own faults in other people
Reaction Formation—act contrary to their genuine feelings
Denial—refuses to accept the reality of anything that is bad
Sublimation—channel basic impulses into socially acceptable behavior

47. Others
Carl Jung
Analytic psychology—out of favor with Freud—greater emphasis on influences of mysticism and religion on behavior
Archetypes—ideas and images of accumulated experience of all human beings
Alfred Adler
Inferiority complex—everyone has a basic need to overcome feelings of inferiority
Karen Horney
Agreed with Freud—childhood experience plays a major role
Erik Erikson
Developmental theory of personality
Expanded on five stages—eight stages.
Social relationships are most important factors in personality development

48. The Learning Approach Behaviorism
John Watson—external forces, not internal influences such as traits shape a person’s behavior.
Socialization—process by which people learn the socially desirable behaviors of their particular culture and adopt them as part of their personalities.
Social-Learning Theory
Believe that people can act intentionally to influence the environment (behaviorist—environment shapes us.) i.e. Skills—Values—Goals—Expectations—Self-efficacy expectation—

49. The Humanistic Approach-self awareness is the core of humanity
Abraham Maslow
desire to achieve self-actualization—full potential
People are unique—follow own paths--Take risks
Carl Rogers—conscious architects of their own personalities.
self-concept—view of oneself as an individual.
Congruence—consistency between one’s self-concept and one’s experience.
self esteem--Path to self-actualization requires getting in touch with our genuine feelings and acting on them.