1. Inside Earth: Chapter 1- Plate Tectonics
Section 1: Earth’s Interior

2. What caused a 2.5 square kilometer landmass to form in the ocean off the coast of Iceland in 1963?
An erupting volcano underneath the ocean caused an island form and to continually to grow in size for many years

3. What did the Icelanders name this landmass? Who did they name it after?
Icelanders named their new landmass Surtsey the god of fire

5. The Science of Geology

6. A scientist who studies the forces that make and shape planet Earth are called ______.
geologists

7. Geologists study the _____ and _____ characteristics of ______, the material that forms the surface of Earth.
Chemical
Physical
Rock

8. Geologists divide the forces that change the earth’s surface into two groups: _____ _____ & _____ _____.
Constructive forces
Destructive forces

9. The force that builds up mountains and other landforms is known as a ______.
Constructive Force

10. The force that slowly wears away at mountains and eventually, every other feature on the surface of Earth is known as a _____ force.
Destructive force

11. List some other examples of this type of a constructive force.
Islands from volcanoes
Flooding-fertile soil
Weather-rain

12. List some examples of this type of destructive force.
Ocean waves
Weathering&erosion
Earthquakes

13. Continent A Landmass that is surrounded by water on all sides
Earth has seven continents

14. Figure 2: Observing – What are the geologists in each picture doing?
The geologist in the top picture are studying the characteristics of a cave
The geologist in the bottom picture is investigating rock layers

15. Geologists examine the layers of Earth to answer what three questions?
How old is Earth?
How has Earth’s surface changed over time?
Why are there oceans, and how did they form?

16. Checkpoint: What kind of indirect evidence do geologists use to study the structure of Earth?
Geologists record seismic waves and study how they travel through Earth

17. Guide For Reading: What does a geologist do?
Geologists study the processes that create Earth’s features and search for clues about Earth’s history.

18. A Journey to the Center of the Earth

19. Describe the features of a vehicle that would be needed to travel to the center of Earth.
A drill
A pressure detecting device
A temperature detecting device
A device that detects composition

20. Describe the temperature change that takes place as the depth inside Earth increases.
Rock near the surface would be cool
About 20 meters down the rock gets warmer
For every 40 meters that descends a temperature increases 1°C

21. The force pushing on a surface or area is known as _______.
Pressure

22. Why does the pressure increase as you go deeper into Earth?
The pressure increases as you go deeper inside the earth because amount and weight of the rock increases

23. Figure 4: Comparing & Contrasting – How is the water in the swimming pool similar to Earth’s interior? How is it different?
The deeper the water in the pool, the greater the pressure, just as pressure is greater the deeper you go beneath the surface of Earth
The water in the pool does not have layers

24. Guide For Reading: What are the main layers of Earth’s surface?
The three main layers make up Earth’s interior:
The crust
The mantle
The core
Each layer has its own conditions and materials

25. The oceanic crust is made of _____, a dark, dense rock with fine texture.
Basalt

26. The continental crust is made of ______, which is made of larger crystals, is less dense and is lighter in color.
Granite

27. Figure 5: Comparing & Contrasting-Which rock looks as if it’s made up of one material? of Several materials?
The basalt looks like it’s made of one material
The granite looks like it’s made of several materials.

29. Earth’s Magnetic Field

30. Figure 7: Relating Cause & Effect – If you shifted the magnet beneath the paper, what would happen to the iron filings?
The iron filings would move with the magnet, again forming the same pattern above the magnet’s new position.

31. What happens in Earth’s interior to produce Earth’s magnetic field?
Currents in the liquid outer core force the solid inner core to spin
Like a planet within a planet, the inner core spins inside Earth at a slightly faster rate than the rest of the planet

32. Depth Name of Layer Composition
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Tables
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages Complete the table below.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
100 km
2,000 km
4,000 km
6,000 km

33. Depth Name of Layer Composition crust
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Tables
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages Complete the table below.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
crust
100 km
2,000 km
4,000 km
6,000 km

34. Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Tables
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages Complete the table below.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
crust
Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
100 km
2,000 km
4,000 km
6,000 km

35. Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Tables
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages Complete the table below.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
crust
Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
100 km
mantle
2,000 km
4,000 km
6,000 km

36. Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Tables
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages Complete the table below.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
crust
Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
100 km
mantle
Solid rock
2,000 km
4,000 km
6,000 km

37. Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Tables
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages Complete the table below.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
crust
Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
100 km
mantle
Solid rock
2,000 km
4,000 km
6,000 km

38. Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt Solid or molten material
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Tables
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages Complete the table below.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
crust
Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
100 km
mantle
Solid rock
2,000 km
Solid or molten material
4,000 km
6,000 km

39. Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt Solid or molten material
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Tables
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages Complete the table below.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
crust
Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
100 km
mantle
Solid rock
2,000 km
Solid or molten material
4,000 km
Outer core
6,000 km

40. Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt Solid or molten material
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Tables
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages Complete the table below.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
crust
Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
100 km
mantle
Solid rock
2,000 km
Solid or molten material
4,000 km
Outer core
Molten iron & nickel
6,000 km

41. Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt Solid or molten material
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Tables
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages Complete the table below.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
crust
Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
100 km
mantle
Solid rock
2,000 km
Solid or molten material
4,000 km
Outer core
Molten iron & nickel
6,000 km
Inner core

42. Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt Solid or molten material
Sharpen Your Skills
Creating Data Tables
Imagine that you have invented a super-strong vehicle that can resist extremely high pressure as it bores a tunnel deep into Earth’s interior. You stop several times on your trip to collect data using devices located on your vehicle’s outer hull. To see what conditions you would find at various depths on your journey, refer to Exploring Earth’s Interior on pages Complete the table below.
Depth
Name of Layer
Composition
20 km
crust
Solid rock, mainly granite and basalt
100 km
mantle
Solid rock
2,000 km
Solid or molten material
4,000 km
Outer core
Molten iron & nickel
6,000 km
Inner core
Solid iron & nickel