1. Pt. 3: Labor Unions

2. What is a Labor Union?
An organization of wage earners formed for the purpose of serving the members' interests with respect to wages and working conditions.

3. LABOR UNIONS Labor Union Labor Strike Boycott Scab Worker
Workers who organize against their employers to seek better wages and working conditions for wage earners.
Labor Union
One method for having demands met. Workers stop working until the conditions are met. It is a very effective form of attack.
Labor Strike
People refuse to buy a company's product until the company meets demands.
Boycott
New immigrants who would replace strikers and work for less pay. Often violence would erupt between strikers and scabs who were trying to cross picket lines to work.
Scab Worker

4. Collective Bargaining
A working establishment where only people belonging to the union are hired. It was done by the unions to protect their workers from cheap labor.
LABOR UNIONS
Closed Shop
List of people disliked by business owners because they were leaders in the Union. Often would lose their jobs, beaten up or even killed.
Black List
Type of negotiation between an employer and labor union where they sit down face to face and discuss better wages, etc.
Collective Bargaining
A written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company
Yellow Dog Contracts

5. LABOR UNIONS Lock Out Cooperatives
Owner of industry would “lock out” workers who were trying to form a union and replace them with “scabs”.
LABOR UNIONS
Industry or business organization owned by and operated for the benefit of those using its services—non-profit
Cooperatives

6. Large disenfranchised population
Labor Unites
Industrialization
Urbanization
Immigration
Leads to…
Large disenfranchised population
Populist Movement: First attempt of the people to reform capital and labor relationship.

7. Unionization in 20th Century America
An organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests.
In 1900, 1 in 12 workers unionized.
Bricklayers Union, PA, 1900

9. LABOR UNIONS National Labor Union Knights of Labor
William Sylvis, 1866
Skilled, unskilled, farmers but excluded Chinese…
Cooperatives, 8 hr. work day, against labor strikes
Founded a political party in 1872
Involved in the Chinese Exclusion Act.
Lost election, faded away
Replaced by Knights of Labor.
Knights of Labor
Terrence Powderly
All workers except Chinese
8 hr. day, cooperatives, prohibition, end child labor
Several strikes won some wage gains 1885 to 1886
Unrealistic and vague goals
Loss of important strikes and failure of cooperatives
Haymarket Riot—1886
American Federation of Labor or AFL
Samuel Gompers, 1881
Skilled workers in separate unions.
Work within political system for change.
Closed shop and collective bargaining
Over 1 million workers joined and won several strikes
Small part of work force eligible to join.

10. Labor union, sought to organize workers Goals were:
Knights of Labor
Labor union, sought to organize workers
Goals were:
end of land grants to the railroads
prohibition of child laborers under 14
gender equality in pay

11. American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Founded by Samuel Gompers
Organized skilled workers in a specific trade

12. The Growth of Unions American Federation of Labor (AFL)
In 1882, on average, 675 laborers were killed in work-related accidents each WEEK!
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
Samuel Gompers
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
Advocated socialism: government control of business and equal distribution of wealth.

13. Pt. 4: Major Labor Conflicts of the 1880s & 1890s

14. EUGENE DEBS
-Founder of the Socialist Party in the U.S.
-Overthrow the existing laissez faire system
-Believes in government ownership of business and capital (money, natural resources)
-Government controls production, sets wages, prices and distributes the goods. No profit or competition.
-Runs for the presidency several times & loses. (won 6% of popular vote at one point)

15. Railroad Workers Organize
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Railway workers protested unfair wage cuts and unsafe working conditions.
The strike was violent and unorganized.
President Hayes sent federal troops to put down the strikes.
From then on, employers relied on federal and state troops to repress labor unrest.

16. Railroad Workers Organize Debs and the American Railway Union
At the time of the 1877 strike, railroad workers mainly organized into various “brotherhoods,” which were basically craft unions.
Eugene V. Debs proposed a new industrial union for all railway workers called the American Railway Union (A.R.U.).
The A.R.U. would replace all of the brotherhoods and unite all railroad workers, skilled and unskilled.

17. THE GREAT RAILROAD STRIKE OF 1877
The great Railroad Strike of 1877 began on July 16, when railroad workers for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad staged a spontaneous strike after yet another wage cut. After President Rutherford Hayes sent federal troops to West Virginia to save the nation from “insurrection,” the strike spread across the nation.
A picture of burned railroad cars during the mass strike

18. Haymarket Square: Chicago 1886
workers from McCormick Harvesting Machine Company struck for an 8 hour day (They wanted a reduction in the amount of hours they worked in a given day). However, the Knights of Labor (union) did not support their actions.
police came - four strikers killed and several wounded.
next day at a rally in Haymarket Square- anarchists spoke up against police & treatment of workers.
Thousands protest the killings and during the rally the police break up the meeting - someone threw a bomb at police - 7 police die. In response the police spray the crowd with bullets and 10 more workers die with another 50 injured.
Result: Anti-Labor feelings sweep the nation and membership in the Knights of Labor Union fell drastically!

19. Haymarket Riot
1886: Chicago, Illinois
Workers went on strike for an 8-hour workday
Action of Industry?
Tried to break the strikes, fights eventually broke out between strikers & strikebreakers

20. Action of government?
Police intervention, some tried for murder
Effect?
Americans become wary of labor unions
Knights of Labor blamed

21. Homestead Steel Strike: Workers went on strike for higher wages
Homestead Steel Strike: Workers went on strike for higher wages. Management refused to negotiate and locked out the workers, however the workers broke in and took control of the mill. Management hired the Pinkerton Police, which is a private security force, to take control back. 300 Pinkertons arrived by barge and were greeted by the workers. For 12 hours a battle ensued. The end result was the Pinkertons surrendered.

22. Carnegie then requested help from the Pennsylvania National Guard to restore control over the strikers after the Pinkertons had failed. Carnegie replaced 1700 strikers with new workers called strike breakers (scabs).

23. Homestead Strike
1892, in Pennsylvania
Wages of steelworkers cut
Action of Labor Union?
Calls for a strike
Action of Industry?
Police force called the “Pinkertons” brought in to break up the strike

24. Action of Government?
Troops & local militia sent in to calm the situation
Effect?
Steelworkers lose power after calling off the strike

25. Carnegie successfully broke up the attempt to organize a union.
HOMESTEAD STRIKE
Carnegie successfully broke up the attempt to organize a union.
No labor unions in steel industry until the 1920’s.
Carnegie would be remembered for events at Homestead.
His public image suffered

26. Pullman Strike
1893, in Chicago
Wages of employees cut without a decrease in living costs in the company town
Action of Labor Union?
Called Eugene V. Debs & the American Railway Union (ARU)
Nationwide strike, halting railroad traffic

27. Strikes Rock the Nation
Pullman, 1893
Eugene Debs instructed strikers not to interfere with the nation’s mail.
Railway owners turned to the government for help. The judge cited the Sherman Antitrust Act and won a court order forbidding all union activity that halted railroad traffic.
Court orders against unions continued, limiting union gains for the next 30 years.

28. Actions of Industry?
Argued that the labor union was destroying free trade
Actions of Government?
President Grover Cleveland sends in federal troops; Eugene V. Debs is arrested
Effect?
Use of court
system and
military to limit power of labor unions

29. The Supreme Court Upholds Laissez-faire
Lochner v. New York – 1905
New York state passed the “Bakeshop Act” limiting the hours a bakery employee could work in one week to 60.
Lochner, a bakery owner, was fined for allowing employees to exceed limitation.
He sued protesting the constitutionality of the law under the 14th Amendment and his liberty of contract.
Supreme Court overturned his conviction stating:
…this law interfered "with the right of contract between the employer and employees.“ To the Court, the right to buy and sell labor through contract was a "liberty of the individual" protected under the 14th amendment .

30. Reaction of Employers -European influences of socialism
Employers hated & feared unions. Why?
-European influences of socialism
-Labor strikes always tended to be violent.
Some took steps to stop unions, such as:
-forbidding union meetings
-firing union organizers
-forcing new employees to sign “yellow dog” contracts, making them promise never to join a union or participate in a strike
-refusing to bargain collectively when strikes did occur
-refusing to recognize unions as their workers’ legitimate representatives