1. PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES

2. What is propaganda?
The ideas spread by any organized group for the purpose of influencing human behavior.

3. How does propaganda reach you?
Newspapers
Magazines
Radio
Television
Internet

4. Propaganda appeals to
An array of
Human Motives

5. The desire to succeed in our ambition or career
The wish to be popular, have friends, be “in”
The urge to marry, to be accepted by the opposite sex or person we romantically desire

6. The need to earn a living, have money to spend
The craving to possess finer things
The desire for security
in old age

8. The eagerness to be
healthy and attractive
The desire to move in respectable circles
The hunger for food

9. How to judge whether a statement is true or false.

10. Is the writer or speaker a recognized authority in the particular field?
Can the statement be presented as a personal point of view or as the considered opinion of a group?
Are there a sufficient number of cases of sufficient evidence to justify the conclusion drawn?

11. Has the truth been somewhat slanted or deliberately distorted by means of evasions, half-truths, or omissions?
Does the statement depend on reason or solely on emotion to appeal to reader or listener?
Is the source of the statement a reliable corporation or individual?

12. Types of Propaganda

13. Bandwagon It uses such phrases as:
It suggests an imagery vehicle carrying leaders of a cause or a candidate who has a large following.
It uses such phrases as:
“Everybody’s doing it!”
“Join the crowd.”
“This is the latest and best for you.”

14. BIG LIE
An outrageous falsehood captures our attention and somehow staggers some people into believing it.
A master at propaganda for evil, Adolf Hitler, said, “The bigger the lie, the sooner people swallow it.”

15. Glittering Generalization
A statement that jumps from a few cases to a conclusion that is supposed to fit all cases.
It is called “glittering” because it is falsely attractive.
Using empty words without much substance such as “best”, “new”, “#1” or to describe the benefits or uses of something

16. Name Calling
This is a way of smearing an opponent. Calling him names can damage his reputation or arouse suspicions about his character.
Claiming that the
competition is inferior in some way

17. Plain Folks
This is the corny kind of appeal to the man in the street made by identifying either a person or a product with his particular locality or country.
Appealing to the average, blue
collar, hard working consumers.
“I’m one of you folks, born and raised in these mountains and I can still shuck corn with the best of you.”

18. The opposite of plain folks
Snob Appeal
The opposite of plain folks
Aims to flatter those who would like to satisfy their ego by assuming that they are better than the rest of mankind in looks, wealth, taste, position, etc.
Appealing to upscale dreams or ASPIRATIONS; not necessarily an expensive product, but appealing to the rich OR those who want to be seen that way

19. APPEAL TO INDIVIDUALITY
Celebrating a unique style; rebelling against the norm
Opposite of bandwagon
Be different!!!

20. Hasty Generalization
When a claim states or implies that things are all one way
EXAMPLES:
Women are bad drivers.
Oklahomans are Republicans.
Gay people are Democrats.
Gun owners refuse to
consider new laws that would
make our streets safer.

21. Sometimes a failing student blames the school or a teacher.
Scapegoat
A scapegoat is a person carrying the blame for others.
Sometimes a failing student blames the school or a teacher.

22. “Slogan” A slogan is a catchword or phrase loaded with emotion.
A type of oversimplification.
Often tells you little about the product itself
Slogans are usually clever
and easy to remember.

23. “If the famous person uses it, it must be good!”
Testimonial
A statement endorsing a product or an idea when signed by a prominent person
A popular favorite carries undue weight when it is used to sponsor something outside his particular field.
“If the famous person uses it, it must be good!”

24. Transfer
This device transfers the good impression we have of something we already know to something else that we don’t know.
By associating the two we merge our personal reactions without examining the unknown person or thing by itself.
“Product A tastes home baked, and we know things that are home baked are supposed to taste better than store bought, so we will like Product A too!”

25. Guilt by Association
Some charities have been fraudulent. Therefore, charities must be frauds.
Adolf Hitler was a vegetarian. Vegetarianism must be evil.
Osama bin Laden was opposed to the invasion of Iraq. Anyone
opposed to the invasion of
Iraq must be a terrorist.

26. BEGGING THE ???
Assumes something is true when it is in need of proof… when the claim is included in the evidence so nothing is proved
Since I'm not lying, I must be telling the truth.
Roger Drudge's book on politics is the best; it says so inside.

27. RED HERRING SLIP SLIDE… DISTRACTION… SMOKE
When a rebuttal doesn't address the
question and/ or draws attention away from
the central issue in an argument or discussion
From the practice of distracting hunting dogs (usually in Fox Hunting) by dragging a smelly, salt-cured Red herring across the trail of the animal/fox they were pursuing to throw the hounds off the scent.
EXAMPLE:
Q: Did the President have an affair?
A: "He's very busy at the moment with the Middle East Peace talks, and has no time for silly accusations. If this bill isn’t signed within the next 12 hours a whole country could lose it’s way of life. Do you want a whole country of men, women, and children to suffer? Do you hate foreigners? Do you hate children?

28. Straw Man
Attacking an opponent's weaker argument rather than his strongest OR ignoring a person's actual position and substituting a distorted, exaggerated or misrepresented version instead.
EXAMPLE:
Many who are for abortion like its
convenience. But this is a human life
we're talking about, and people need to be
concerned with more than convenience.
"Senator Jones says that we should not fund the attack submarine program. I disagree entirely. I can't understand why he wants to leave us defenseless like that."

29. Card Stacking
A one-sided case presents only evidence favoring its conclusion, and ignores or downplays the evidence against it. In inductive reasoning, it is important to consider all of the available evidence before coming to a conclusion.
Example:
You have observed several white swans; then you might conclude:
All swans are white.
You've spoke about having seen the children's prisons in Iraq. Can you describe what you saw there? The prison in question is at the General Security Services headquarters, which was inspected by my team in Jan It appeared to be a prison for children—toddlers up to pre-adolescents—whose only crime was to be the offspring of those who have spoken out politically against the regime of Saddam Hussein. It was a horrific scene. Actually I'm not going to describe what I saw there because what I saw was so horrible that it can be used by those who would want to promote war with Iraq, and right now I'm waging peace.
Source: Massimo Calabresi, "Scott Ritter in His Own Words", Time, 9/14/2002

30. LOGICAL FALLACIES

31. Faulty Dilemma When only two options are given when many choices exist
COLLEGE SONIC
Either you're for the Republican plan, or you're socialist and un-American.

32. Equivocation Using the same word with two different meanings EXAMPLES:
A feather is light.
What is light cannot be dark.
Therefore, a feather cannot be dark.
The sign said "Fine for Parking Here," so since it was fine, I parked there.
Liberal politicians favor a liberal lifestyle of free love and drugs.

33. “If my hair looks nice, all people will love me."
Non sequitur
Latin for “it does not follow”
The conclusion does not follow
from the argument
EXAMPLE:
“If my hair looks nice, all people will love me."
However, there is no real connection between your hair and the love of all people.
Advertising typically applies this kind of 'deduction'.

34. Ad Hominem Latin for “argument against the person”
An attempt to negate the truth of a claim by pointing out a negative characteristic or belief of the person supporting it.
EXAMPLES
1. Einstein claims relativity is correct Einstein is Jewish
3. Hence relativity is false.
Bill: "I believe that abortion is morally wrong."
Dave: "Of course you would say that, you're a priest."
Bill: "What about the arguments I gave to support my position?"
Dave: "Those don't count. Like I said, you're a priest, so you have to say that abortion is wrong. Further, you are just a lackey to the Pope, so I can't believe what you say."

35. THE POST- HOC PENGUIN

36. Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc
Latin for “after this, because of that”
Often shortened to POST HOC
If one event happens after another, then the first must be the cause of the second.
EXAMPLES:
A rooster always crows prior to sunrise
Therefore: the rooster’s crowing causes the sun to rise.
1. Ice cream sales elevate greatly each June.
2. The number of common colds lower greatly each June.
3. Therefore: higher ice cream consumption cures the common cold.

37. Euphemism
Making something sound better than it is. Using a synonym that is a better sounding term than the reality.
Ex. A police officer was asked why he left the police force. His response was, “The chief and I had a difference of opinion.” In actuality, the officer was fired.
Ex. Gasoline prices are expected to be adjusted to match our economic status. In other words, gas prices are going up dramatically as the economy is going down.

38. IN TOTAL…22 Types of Propaganda
Transfer
Guilt by Association
Begging the Question
Red Herring
Straw Man
Card Stacking
Faulty Dilemma
Equivocation
Non-Sequitur
Ad Hominem
Post-Hoc
Euphemism
Bandwagon
Big Lie
Glittering Generalization
Name Calling
Plain Folks
Snob Appeal
Individual Appeal
Hasty Generalization
Scapegoat
Slogan
Testimonial