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In the Elementary and the Middle School
Literature In the Elementary and the Middle School English Language Arts & Reading
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Overview Literacy Development Listening Skills Oral Language
Written Language Technology Parental Involvement Integration of Language English Language Arts & Reading
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Introduction Study of Literature 4 Skills of Communication
Reading & Comprehension Content Area Fluency Literature is Multifaceted English Language Arts & Reading
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Objectives The intern will
identify the relationship of literature to the language process develop skills in using literature-based instructional strategies define a wide range of literature from multimedia resources become familiar with literacy genre, terms and devices English Language Arts & Reading
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Objectives develop lessons which use a variety of higher level thinking skills know a variety of questioning strategies used in analyzing literature become proficient in using literacy strategies for literature and content area reading English Language Arts & Reading
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Language Development Receptive Language Listening Reading
Expressive Language Oral Written English Language Arts & Reading
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Literature-Based Skills
Scaffolded Instruction Modeling Cooperative Learning Choices Independent Reading Modes of Reading Prior Knowledge Responses to Literature English Language Arts & Reading
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Choosing Literature Genre Award–Winning Books Listservs and Websites
English Language Arts & Reading
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Literary Terms Title Author Illustrator Playwright Theater Stage Act
Dialogue Scene Analogy Dialect English Language Arts & Reading
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Literary Devices Foreshadowing Flashback Symbolism Style Tone Mood
Figurative Language Irony English Language Arts & Reading
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Enrichment Activities
Storytelling Drama Creative Drama Puppetry Music and Song English Language Arts & Reading
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Reading Strategies Character Setting Plot Comprehension
Compare and Contrast Cause and Effect Feelings Paint a Picture Prediction Retelling Conclusions Decisions Sequencing English Language Arts & Reading
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Literary Strategies Order Paint a Picture What and Why
Alike and Different Character Web Story Map Paint a Picture Yourself in My Shoes Make Good Guesses Storyteller Figure Out Judgment English Language Arts & Reading
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Questioning Strategies
Thought–Provoking Question Starters Higher-Level Scheme About a Novel Non-Fiction QAR Question Frames and Starters Classification Scheme English Language Arts & Reading
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Integrated Thematic Instruction
Definitions Teacher Read Aloud Literature Connection Content Areas Researched Materials English Language Arts & Reading
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Researched Materials Jigsaw Lesson Format for Themes Classroom Ideas
Reading from the Internet Format for Themes Format for Lesson Plans Bloom’s Taxonomy Integrated Lesson English Language Arts & Reading
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Literary Strategies Quick Write What’s in a Picture
Question of the Day K-W-L 4 Square Vocabulary 10 Important Words Analogies Teacher Read Aloud From the Source English Language Arts & Reading
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Literary Strategies Do You Know Bridging Picture Books
5 Minute Book Talk Memory Box Explorer’s Kit VIP Maps Character Home Pages English Language Arts & Reading
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Quick Write A short, focused writing in response to a specific prompt
Activates student’s prior knowledge Provides a starting point for a lesson English Language Arts & Reading
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Quick Write Procedures
Teacher formulates a question related to the content. Student responds in writing, usually 5 to 7 minutes. The purpose is to express thoughts without concern for mechanics of writing. When time expires, student shares his response with a partner or whole class. English Language Arts & Reading
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Quick Write Topic Activity Topic: The Poet You Like Best
Literary Connection: Where the Sidewalk Ends by Shel Silverstein Content Connection: Language Arts Activity: Read several of the poems. Choose a topic and type of poem to write. Write your poem. Share your poem with the class. English Language Arts & Reading
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What’s in a Picture Designed to use visual literacy (Imagery)
Heightens student interest and imagination English Language Arts & Reading
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What’s in a Picture Procedures Describe the image.
What does it remind you of? Speculate what the image is and how it is connected to the lesson on writing descriptive paragraphs. English Language Arts & Reading
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What’s in a Picture Topic Activity Topic: Do You See What I See?
Literary Connection: There are Those by Nathan and Janet Levy Content Connection: Art and Language Arts Activity: Draw a picture and write a short story or poem about it. English Language Arts & Reading
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Question of the Day An open-ended question designed to intrigue students Use prior knowledge See relevance of what they are learning English Language Arts & Reading
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Question of the Day Procedures
Write the question on the board or overhead. It must involve problem–solving and creativity. Students respond in writing. They may include diagrams or drawings. Teacher uses their responses as basis for class discussion to springboard into the day’s lesson. English Language Arts & Reading
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Question of the Day Topic Activity Topic: Ballet and Geometry
Literary Connection: A Ballet Primer Content Area Connection: Writing Activity: How are Ballet and Geometry alike? Write or draw the answer in your journals. English Language Arts & Reading
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K – W – L Provides a structure for active reading
Elicits student input English Language Arts & Reading
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K – W – L Procedures Introduce KWL and KWLQ.
Brainstorm what they already know. Record the information. Generate a list of what they want to learn. Read with a purpose. List more questions they want to know. English Language Arts & Reading
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K – W – L Topic Activities Topic: Multiple intelligences
Literary Connection: The Prince Activity: List all of the things you know about multiple intelligences on the KWL chart. List the things you want to know on the chart. Read the story aloud to the class. Relate the Prince’s challenges to each intelligence. English Language Arts & Reading
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4-Square Vocabulary Is an interactive way to introduce key vocabulary words; Based on verbal and visual associations; Draws on personal experiences; and Develops conceptual understanding of important terms. English Language Arts & Reading
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4-Square Vocabulary Procedures
Divide paper into four squares and number each section. Write new vocabulary word in square 1. Teacher presents word in context, giving definitions, verbal / visual examples and non-examples. Generate and discuss their own verbal / visual examples. In square 2, student writes an example from personal experience. English Language Arts & Reading
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4-Square Vocabulary Procedures
Teacher directs students to generate their own verbal / visual non-examples, writing a non-example in square 3. In square 4, write definition of the term in their own words. Check definition in dictionary. Locate term in content being read. English Language Arts & Reading
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10 Most Important Words Helps students be aware of the value of connections among key concepts. Shows the importance of prior knowledge. English Language Arts & Reading
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10 Most Important Words Procedures
Introduce topics and discuss what they already know. Students predict and list what they think the ten most important words will be. Students will work in small groups to compare lists and agree on 10 words. Students then read and finalize the list. English Language Arts & Reading
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10 Most Important Words Topic Activity Topic: Saving the Earth
Literary Connection: 50 Simple Things Kids Can Do to Save the Earth by John Javna Content Area Connection: Science Examples: List the 10 most important words or phrases. Some words might be: acid rain, air pollution, greenhouse effect, ozone hole, water pollution, endangered animals, toxic waste… English Language Arts & Reading
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Analogies Comparison of something that is known with something new
Provides a preview of what is to be learned Makes abstract concepts understood English Language Arts & Reading
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Analogies Procedures Teacher presents several analogies related to the concept and models how they are developed. From a list, students choose a concept. Students explore the concept and record its elements, and characteristics. Find a familiar concept that has elements that are parallel to the concept. Develop the analogy. English Language Arts & Reading
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Analogies Topic Activity Topic: Politics and Sports
Literary Connection: Current events in magazines, newspapers, or television Content Connection: Language Arts, Physical / Health Education English Language Arts & Reading
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Analogies Topic Activity
Politicians often use sports analogies to get their messages across. Read and/or listen to their analogies. What message did it send about sports? Develop own analogies using sports compared with health concepts. Activity: Using the article from Time, develop an analogy about Vice–President Cheney’s heart and sports. English Language Arts & Reading
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Teacher Read Aloud Creates interest and curiosity
Five minutes can set the stage for important ideas English Language Arts & Reading
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Teacher Read Aloud Procedures Materials can be found anywhere.
Appropriate age, length, and writing style should be considered. Practice a selection to know what words and phrases to emphasize. Make reading dramatic. Lead in to current topic. English Language Arts & Reading
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Teacher Read Aloud Topic Activity Topic: Geometry
Literary Connection: Sir Cumference and the Round Table by Cindy Neuschwander Content Connection: Math Example: Read the book to initiate the Geometry vocabulary lesson and help students to understand and remember terms like radius, etc. English Language Arts & Reading
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From the Source Uses quotations to stimulate interest
Quotations from a wide range of sources Prompts students’ questions and predictions English Language Arts & Reading
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From the Source Procedures
Find a quotation from any multimedia source. Display the quotation on the board or overhead. Introduce it to the class. Students respond to the quotation either orally or in writing. Use their responses as a springboard to the current topic / lesson. English Language Arts & Reading
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From the Source Topic Activity Topic: The Holocaust
Literary Connection: Lisa’s War by Carol Matas Content Connection: Interdisciplinary Social Studies and Language Arts Read the passage and write a response in your journal.* Think about the role some teenagers played in the resistance movement. *Note: Teacher does the same English Language Arts & Reading
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Do You Know? Do you know? Do you know why? When, Where, What, or How?
A quick strategy to pique curiosity Creates a tremendous need to know Sparks interest, creates an air of excitement English Language Arts & Reading
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Do You Know? Procedures Teacher asks a question or a series of questions. Teacher then reads aloud or has students find and read a book that will answer the questions. English Language Arts & Reading
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Do You Know? Topic Activity Topic: All Creatures Should Be Free.
Literary Connection: Yertle the Turtle by Dr. Seuss Content Connection: Language Arts and Self–Concept Do you know who had to be ruler of all he sees? Do you know why people have the need to be the ruler of all? Do you know what happens to “rulers” who get to the top on the “backs” of other people? English Language Arts & Reading
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Bridging Provides assistance to develop sufficient prior knowledge before learning more difficult concepts or materials written at a more advanced level. Uses conceptually easier materials to help students create an initial understanding. English Language Arts & Reading
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Bridging Procedures Choose from a range of materials on any topic.
Briefly introduce the materials. Students select and read the material individually. Teacher leads discussion to help students build a framework. Teacher works with students to bridge between previous material and new. English Language Arts & Reading
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Bridging Topic Activity Topic: Do Animals Dream?
Literary Connection: Do Animals Dream? by Joyce Pope Content Connection: Language Arts and Science Activity: Teacher reads book. Given a list of Bloom’s Taxonomy activities, student will complete them. Students will read other materials about animals. English Language Arts & Reading
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Picture Books Initiates a specific topic.
Provides a common core of knowledge. Provokes questions. Stimulates interest. English Language Arts & Reading
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Picture Books Procedures
Select an appropriate picture book for the theme or topic. Show the book cover and ask students to speculate about what they will be learning. Read the book aloud to the students. Show each illustration, pausing to discuss what they see. Use the book as a springboard to a theme. English Language Arts & Reading
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Picture Books Topic Activity Topic: Everglades
Literary Connection: Everglades by Jean George Content Connection: Science and Geography Example: Show paintings by Wendell Minor. English Language Arts & Reading
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The 5-Minute Book Talk Is an effective way for students to share what they read. Is motivational to other students. Should be scheduled at regular intervals, with no more than one or two at a time. English Language Arts & Reading
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The 5-Minute Book Talk Procedures
Students select a book they want to read Explain guidelines for 5-minute book talk Students sign up for book talk time After each book talk, other students write feedback English Language Arts & Reading
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The 5-Minute Book Talk Guidelines
Show book to class. Have author’s name, illustrator’s name and publication date written on the board. Tell why you selected this book. Describe 3 interesting parts of the book or 3 important things you learned. Make a recommendation. Tell why you would or would not recommend that others read it. English Language Arts & Reading
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The 5-Minute Book Talk Feedback
Name of book and author, name of student giving the talk One or two things you remember Something positive about the way the student gave the talk Something the student might do differently next time English Language Arts & Reading
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The 5-Minute Book Talk Activity Think of a book you have read
Share the book with us using the guidelines Rest of class write feedback to speaker English Language Arts & Reading
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Memory Box Is used effectively with fiction and biographies
Identifies key events in lives of characters that are memorable Represents each event with an object English Language Arts & Reading
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Memory Box Procedures Teacher presents book to class by sharing a memory box that he/she developed As class views each object, teacher talks about its significance to the story or life of the character Students select a novel or biography Collect objects and prepare a memory box Share their memory box with the class English Language Arts & Reading
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Memory Box Topic Activity
Topic: Who Are These Aliens Who Claim to be My Parents? Literary Connection: The Face on the Milk Carton by Caroline Cooney Content Connection: Language Arts Activity: Teenagers often ask the question. Sometimes the answer is very confusing. Read the short excerpt and discuss how a teacher could be a “friend” to a student such as Janie. English Language Arts & Reading
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Explorer’s Kit Students collect objects, symbols, or artifacts that are associated with their reading The collection assists students to interact with content, construct meaning, and create a visual representation for content, ideas, and issues English Language Arts & Reading
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Explorer’s Kit Procedures Teacher introduces a book about a topic
Students think about topics and the images they create for them Students brainstorm a list of objects Teacher introduces idea of an explorer kit Students examine objects that the teacher has identified English Language Arts & Reading
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Procedures (Continued)
Explorer’s Kit Procedures (Continued) Students compare their list with the objects from the kit Students can then develop their own kits The kits will be presented for class discussion English Language Arts & Reading
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Explorer’s Kit Topic Activity Topic: American Indians
Literary Connection: Hiawatha by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Content Connection: Language Arts, Poetry and Writing This picture book, illustrated by Susan Jeffers, can be used with many of the strategies presented. The follow-up can be other narratives, poetry, Social Studies, Geography, etc. English Language Arts & Reading
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VIP Maps Used when reading biography, autobiography, or bio-profile
Designed to give an in-depth knowledge of events in the life of a significant figure English Language Arts & Reading
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VIP Maps Procedures Teacher models how to create a VIP map
Discuss information to go in each category Look for key information as they read Fill out map as they read Last two categories – ‘My reactions’ and ‘I want to know more about’ – are completed after reading. English Language Arts & Reading
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VIP Maps Topic Activity Topic: Harriet Tubman
Literary Connection: Harriet Tubman and The Underground Railroad Content Connection: Language Arts Activity: Complete a VIP map of Harriet Tubman. English Language Arts & Reading
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Character Home Page Capitalize on interest in technology
Create a home page for a character they have selected Choose a major character that they know a great deal about Write the home page from the perspective of that character English Language Arts & Reading
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Character Home Page Procedures
Teacher models development of home page for a character from a book the whole class has read Students identify a character they wish to study in depth Assume the point of view of the character Design a home page about the character English Language Arts & Reading
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Procedures (Continued)
Character Home Page Procedures (Continued) Include the basic information: Personal information: age, family, school, friends Characteristics: what I look like, what I am like Interests and hobbies Note: Because of predators on the internet, tell students not to make one of themselves, only book characters. English Language Arts & Reading
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Overview These strategies are only a few that can be used with literature and content area readings to assist students in learning and enhancing their reading, writing and thinking skills. English Language Arts & Reading
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