1. The Study of Speech Sounds

2. Speech Sounds PHONETICS PHONOLOGY How are speech sounds classified?
How are speech sounds made?
PHONOLOGY
How are speech sounds classified?

3. What is Phonetics? DEFINITION
COMPONENTS OF PHONETICS
Identifying the place of articulation in the vocal tract, mouth and nose.
Identifying the manner of articulation, including how air is channeled and/or stopped during speech sounds.
Identifying which speech sounds are used in any given language, and which are not.
DEFINITION
The study of how speech sounds are made, and which sounds are used in a given language.

4. Types of Speech Sounds Consonants Vowels
Consonants are formed by the slowing or stopping of air somewhere in the vocal tract
Vowels
Vowels are formed by changes in the shape of the vocal tract as air passes through unimpeded

5. The Phonetics of Consonants
Place of articulation
means where the vocal tract is shut off or narrowed
Manner of Articulation
means how the vocal tract is shut off or narrowed
Voicing
means whether air is forced through the larynx or not

6. The Anatomy of the Vocal Tract
Your homework is to go online and find out what the following articulatory places are and where they are located:
Glottis
Uvula

7. Consonant Place of Articulation 1: Bilabials
Bilabials are accomplished by narrowing the vocal tract using both lips
pin map boy

8. Consonant Place of Articulation 2: Labiodentals
Labiodentals are accomplished by narrowing the vocal tract using both the lips and the teeth
fan van

9. Consonant Place of Articulation 3: Apicodental (Interdentals)
Apicodentals, also called interdentals are accomplished by narrowing the vocal tract using the tip (apex) of the tongue between the teeth to narrow the vocal tract
there thing

10. Consonant Place of Articulation 4: Apicoalveolar (Alveolar)
Apicoalveolar, also called alveolars are accomplished by narrowing the vocal tract using the tip (apex) of the tongue against the alveolar ridge behind the teeth
dip tip

11. Consonant Place of Articulation 5: Alveolarpalatal
Alveolarpalatal are accomplished by narrowing the vocal tract using the tip (apex) of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge at the front edge of the palate
shout judge child

12. Consonant Place of Articulation 6: Velums
Velums are accomplished by completely closing the vocal tract at the velum
get cat

13. Manner of Articulation
means how the shutting off or narrowing of the vocal tract is done

14. Consonant Manner of Articulation 1: Stops
Stops are accomplished by completely obstructing the airstream
pick get dig

15. Consonant Manner of Articulation 2: Fricatives
Fricatives are accomplished by almost completely obstructing the airstream causing friction
fish kiss shell

16. Consonant Manner of Articulation 3: Affricatives
Affricatives are accomplished by stopping the air flow and then releasing air to cause friction
child gym judge

17. Consonant Manner of Articulation 4: Nasals
Nasals are accomplished by closing the vocal tract at the velum and forcing air through the nasal passages
nickel man ring

18. Consonant Manner of Articulation 5: Liquids
Liquids are accomplished by restricting but not closing off air flow
leave ring

19. Consonant Manner of Articulation 6: Glides
Glides are accomplished by restricting but not closing off air flow followed by a slight opening of the vocal tract
yet wash whistle

20. Consonant Manner of Articulation 7: Taps
Taps are accomplished by quickly tapping the tongue against another part of the vocal tract and is frequently found in the middle of a word
letter ladder

21. Consonant Manner of Articulation 8: Trills
Trills are accomplished by forcing the tongue, uvula or lips to vibrate
In Spanish perro barrio

22. Two Types of Voicing Voiced Unvoiced
sounds are made by narrowing the vocal cords and forcing air between them
got bit
Unvoiced
sounds are made by opening the vocal cords and allowing air to flow past them
caught pit

23. Classification of Vowels
Four Criteria for Classifying Vowels:
Tongue Height
Tongue Location (toward back or front)
Mouth & Lip Tension
Lip Rounding Vs stretching

24. Tongue Height Three Positions: High: bit straight pool cook
Mid Mouth: get wait spot rope
Low: bat got

25. Tongue Location Three Positions: Back: pool cook rope got
Center: but around
Front: hit heat pet wait bat

26. Mouth &Lip Tension Two States: Tense Relaxed heat hit soon soot
wait wet

27. Lip Rounding Two States: Rounded Not Rounded pool hit look heat
wrote pat
caught pet
wait

28. Websites That Make Speech Sounds
web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/charts/IPAlab/IPAlab.htm

29. The International Phonetic Alphabet. Kung Click Language http://www

30. Phonemics

31. Definition of Phoneme
A minimal class of sounds which possess shared features that clearly contrast with those of other phonemes and form the basis of distinguishing one utterance from another.
Eg. English {s}, {z} Spanish {s, z}

32. Most Languages have 50 or fewer phonemes.
No language uses all possible phonemes
The sounds contained in corresponding phonenemes in different languages may vary significantly.

33. English Phonemes 1-15 of 42 Phoneme Spelling(s) and Example Words
/A/  a (table), a_e (bake), ai (train), ay (say) 
/a/  a (flat)
/b/ b (ball) 
/k/  c (cake), k (key), ck (back) 
/d/  d (door)
/E/  e (me), ee (feet), ea (leap), y (baby)
/e/  e (pet), ea (head) 
/f/ f (fix), ph (phone)
/g/  g (gas)
/h/  h (hot) 
/I/  i (I), i_e (bite), igh (light), y (sky)
/i/  i (sit)
/j/  j (jet), dge (edge), g[e, i, y] (gem)
/l/ l (lamp) 
/m/  m (my)

34. English Phonemes 16-29 of 42 Phoneme Spellings and Example Words
/n/ n (no), kn (knock)
/O/  o (okay), o_e (bone), oa (soap), ow (low) 
/o/ o (hot)
/p/ p (pie) 
/kw/  qu (quick)
/r/ r (road), wr (wrong), er (her), ir (sir), ur (fur)
/s/ s (say), c[e, i, y] (cent) 
/t/  t (time)
/U/  u (future), u_e (use), ew (few)
/u/ u (thumb), a (about), e (loaded), o (wagon) 
/v/ v (voice)
/w/ w (wash) 
/ks/ or /gz/ x (box, exam)

35. English Phonemes 30-42 of 42 Phoneme Spellings and Example Words
/y/ y (yes)
/z/ z (zoo), s (nose)
/OO/ oo (boot), u (truth), u_e (rude), ew (chew)
/oo/ oo (book), u (put)
/oi/ oi (soil), oy (toy) 
/ou/ ou (out), ow (cow) 
/aw/  aw (saw), au (caught), a[l] (tall)
/ar/  ar (car) 
/sh/  sh (ship), ti (nation), ci (special) 
/hw/ wh (white) 
/ch/   ch (chest), tch (catch)
/th/  or /th/ th (thick, this)
/ng/ ng (sing), n (think)
/zh/   s (measure)

36. Spanish Phonemes 1-14 of 25 Phoneme Spellings and Example Words
/a/ a (casa)
/e/ e (pesebre)
/i/ i (mi), y (y)
/o/ o (pozo
/u/ u (tuyo)
/b/ b (baso), v (vaso), w (wagon)
/d/  d (donde), d (pedid)
/f/  f (fuego), f (filosofo) 
/g/  g (paga), p (pague), g (guitarra), g (guapo) 
/j/ io (comio), ie (pie), ie (hierro), y (cayo), ll (callo)
/k/  q (quito), c (casa), k (kilo), cc (accion), x (taxi)
/l/  l (cola), l (paralelo), l (el)
/m/ m (campo), m (cama), n (invierno)
/n/   n (cana)

37. Spanish Phonemes 15-25 of 25 Phoneme Spellings and Example Words
/n,/ n~ (can~a)
/p/ p (pozo), p (pues), p (papa)
/r/ r (caro), r ( carta), r (parar), r (trato)
/r-/ rr (carro), r (honrado), r (rosa)
/s/ s (sastre), s (casa), x (exito)
/t/ t (tonto), t (tu)
/tj/  ch (chato)
/w/  u (cuerno), u (ruego), hu (ahuecar), u (causa)
/x/  j (juego), g (pagina), j (escojo), g (escoge), x (Mexico)
/iya/ ll (callo), ll (llamar)
/0-/  z (lapiz), c (lapices), c (cierra), z (caza)

38. Some Differences between the Spanish and the English Written Language
29 letters represent 25 phonemes
pronunciation of words is based on their spelling
some phonemes are spelled using more than one letter (me llamo)
26 letters represent 42 phonemes
sometimes the pronunciation varies: spelling represents more than one word (read)
some letters do not have direct relation to the sounds in the word (height)

39. Some Differences between the Spanish and the English Written Language
if a letter is doubled both letters are pronounced (leer)
 also applies to diphthongs (Euro)
5 vowel letters and 5 vowel sounds
a few phonemes can be spelled in more than one way (/h/= g or j)
doubled letters represent only one phoneme (school)
5 vowel letters and 15 vowel sounds
19 consonant phonemes are spelled using more than one letter (enough)

40. Phonemic Categories Differ from One Language to Another
In English, trilled and untrilled r’s are in the same phoneme.
In English b and v are in different phonemes.
berry vs. very
In English r and l are in different phonemes
river vs. liver
In Spanish, trilled and untrilled r’s are in different phonemes.
pero vs. perro
In Spanish, b and v are in the same phoneme.
In Chinese r and l are in the same phoneme

41. Allophones
Definition: Phones that occupy the same phoneme are called allophones.

42. Goals of a Phonemic Analysis
1. To identify a minimal set of phonemes for the language
To identify which phones from the language are classified together in a given phoneme as allophones
To identify the contexts in which a given allophone will be used instead of others in the same phoneme

43. Kinds of Allophones Free variation allophones
Complementary distribution allophones

44. Free Variation Allophones
Where the use of a particular allophone overlaps with the use of others
Two sounds are used indiscriminately in different phonetic contexts
The variation is due to dialectical variation or personal linguistic habits.

45. Complementary Distribution Allophones
Two allophones are in complementary distribution if the contexts in which they appear do not overlap.
Two sounds are never used in the same phonetic context.
E.g. [pʰ] always occurs when it comes at the beginning of a syllable and is followed by a stressed vowel (as in the word pin). [p] occurs in all other situations (as in the word spin).

46. Kinds of Phonetic Context Some Examples
Immediate context = the sounds which immediately precede and follow the allophone
The stress of the sounds that follow or precede the allophone -
Whether the allophone begins or ends a word
When the allophone begins a word, the sound with which the word preceding the allophone ends
When the allophone ends a word, the sound with which the word following the allophone begins

47. Immediate Context Example
She vs. Shoe
The vowel following the “sh” sound changes the way the sound is made. The two “sh” sounds are allophones of the same phoneme, but are used in different contexts, one following the “oo” and one following the “ee” sound.

48. Immediate Context Example
Pin vs. Spot vs. Top P at the beginning of the word is asperated. P in the middle of the word is not asperated. P at the end of the word is not asperated.

49. PowerPoint Study Guide
Phonetics Palate Nasals
Phonology Larynx Glides
Place of articulation Glottis Liquids
Manner of articulation Velum Taps
Voicing Bilabial Trills
Consonants Labiodental Tongue height
Vowels Apicodental Tongue location
Nasal passage Apicoalveolar Mouth tension
Lips Alveolarpalatal Lip rounding
Teeth Velum Phonemes
Apex of the tongue Stops Allophones
Blade of the tongue Fricative Free variation allophones
Alveolar ridge Affricative Complementary allophones