0. ULAANBAATAR CITY’S AIR POLLUTION – SOURCE APORTIONMENT - MANAGEMENT
S.Lodoysamba,
National University of Mongolia

1. Contents Air pollution of Ulaanbaatar City,
What is main sources of pollution,
Management of mitigation of UB air pollution 1

2. Management of air pollution mitigation
Starts from measurements,
Air pollution concentration,
Identification and apportionment of pollution sources,
Modeling,
Health impact study,
Air pollution mitigation scenarios,
Health benefit calculation
Planning a target,
Activity
Monitoring
Ends with measurement. 2

3. Main Air Quality Indicators
- Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
- Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)
PM (Particulate Matter) PM10
PM 2.5
- Carbon Monoxide (CO) - Ozone (03)

4. Particulate Matter Distribution

5. Health Effect of PM 5

6. Methodology Position of sampler: UB City- Nuclear Research Center
Zuun Ail
3 Horoolol
Duration: –
Flow rate of sampler: 16 l/мin (18-14)
Height of sampling: 1.6м, 6m, 4m
Sampling frequency: Twice a week
Sampler: GENT Sampler with Polycarbonate filters
Type of analysis: PIXE
ВС measurement: Reflectometer
Number of samples: 400 ( )
Data interpretation was made using software EPA PMF1.1(USA)
PIXE analysis were done in the New Zealand Institute of Geosciences and Nuclear Sciences, 30 elements are analysed

7. Height of sampling head from the ground (m)
Used samplers
Sampling site number
Characteristics
Site position
PM size fraction
Height of sampling head from the ground (m)
Remarks 1
Kosa Monitor (Japanese make), Measures PM10 and PM2.5. Beta absorption.. Continuous monitoring. Gives hourly values.
106o54,704
47o55,220
PM10 and PM2.5 20
2, 3
GENT Sampler, Schulberger Model 250, Measures PM and PM2.5. Polycarbonate (nuclepore) filters.
106o58,311
47o54,811
PM and PM2.5
1.6;6
Elemental analysis, Black carbon determination
4, 7, 8
Dust Trak-8520, measures PM2.5 or PM10. Laser light scattering. Continuous monitoring; Gives hourly values.
106o54,159
47o54,719
PM2.5
3;2;3 5
Rotary Bebicon, Type 35RC- 28SD5 (Japanese make). Measures PM10, 15 l/min, filter.
106o52,967
47o53,64
PM10 3
Replaced by EcoTech monitor (beta absorption) from Nov.2008 6
Partisol FRM-Model 2000, Measures PM10, 16.7 l/min, filter (nuclepore).
106o52,167
47o55,582 4

8. Projects
RCA/ IAEA PROJECT IMPROVED INFORMATION ABOUT URBAN AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT, RAS/7/013,
CHARACTERIZATION AND SOURCE IDENTIFICATION OF PARTICULATE AIR POLLUTION IN THE ASIA REGION RAS/7/015,
АГААРЫН ЧАНАР БА БОХИРДОЛЫН ЗӨӨГДЛИЙГ СУДЛАХ Шинжлэх ухаан, технологийн сэдэв,
АГААРЫН БОХИРДЛЫН ҮҮСГҮҮР, ТЭДНИЙ БОХИРДОЛД ОРУУЛЖ БУЙ ХУВИЙГ РМ2,5, РМ10 АРГААР ТОДОРХОЙЛОХ СУДАЛГАА Шинжлэх ухаан, технологийн сэдэв,
ESTABLISHMENT OF AN AIR QUALITY MONITORING AND HEALTH IMPACT BASELINE (AMHIB) FROM AIR POLLUTION IN ULAANBAATAR (UB) CITY, MONGOLIA. World Bank Contract ,
TA (MON) : ULAANBAATAR CLEAN AIR
Evaluation of Air pollution mitigation in Ulaanbaatar City and its Health Impact
Measuring and sharing PM2.5 through Social Media

9. Sampling Sites

10. PM10, PM2.5 Concentrations PM10 PM2.5 Months NAMHEM (1) NRC (2)
Zuun ail (3)
CLEM (5)
3 khoroolol (6)
Average
Jun-08
28.9
160.2
154.3
120.0
187.3
130.2
Jul-08
7.2
126.7
112.5
17.6
56.4
64.1
Aug-08
238.0
179.1
27.9
85.4
132.6
Sep-08
8.0
221.4
131.4
38.8
70.4
94.0
Oct-08
37.7
223.1
127.6
79.6
161.2
125.8
Nov-08
128.5
365.8
673.2
112.9
800.8
416.2
Dec-08
277.5
180.2
926.8
61.4
693.5
427.9
Jan-09
173.7
200.1
1850.0
65.8
932.3
644.4
Feb-09
115.4
302.1
1007.3
86.0
463.7
394.9
Mar-09
62.5
205.2
488.6
63.7
358.2
235.6
Apr-09
34.0
316.0
300.2
59.8
272.8
196.5
May-09
32.5
501.2
739.3
33.6
183.1
297.9
Annual average
82.3
253.3
557.5
63.91
355.4
262.5
Months 
NAMHEM (1)
NRC (2)
Zuun ail (3)
6 buudal (4)
Bayan hoshuu (7)
Airport (8)
Average
Jun-08
16.9
29.0
25.5
84.6
169.3
65.1
Jul-08
1.2
21.7
13.3
12.1
Aug-08
5.7
64.9
48.7
39.7
Sep-08
8.0
18.8
37.9
37.3
47.0
37.6
31.1
Oct-08
38.1
46.3
38.7
281.3
498.3
184.7
181.2
Nov-08
81.4
121.6
330.6
527.3
567.5
406.3
339.1
Dec-08
224.5
106.9
575.5
1205.1
1421.2
892.9
737.7
Jan-09
138.3
121.3
1291.1
858.5
1536.1
514.5
743.3
Feb-09
99.6
141.4
358.1
342.4
971.3
413.3
387.7
Mar-09
45.3
80.1
345.5
179.3
321.0
207.3
196.4
Apr-09
25.2
128.8
119.6
93.9
137.3
91.8
99.4
May-09
24.3
279.3
370.8
41.9
58.9
52.9
138.0
Annual average
59.1
96.7
296.3
365.2
617.6
297.1
288.6

11. PM 10 Concentration

12. PM 10 Concentration Time Series

13. PM 2.5 Concentration

14. PM 2.5 Concentration Time Series

15. Monthly Average Concentrations
PM10
PM2.5

16. Monthly Average Concentrations
Average Concentration Calculated
Average Concentration Measured
Site No
Site name
PM2.5
PM10 2
NRC
96.7
253.3 3
Zuun ail
296.3
557.5 4
6 Buudal
365.2 - 6
3 khoroolol
355.4 7
Bayanhoshuu
617.6 8
Airport
297.1
Average all stations
334.6
388.7
Area
РМ10
(mg/m3)
РМ2.5
Exceedence
Central part UB
300
150 6
Ger area UB
7-18

17. Monthly Average Concentrations

18. Polluted Ulaanbaatar 18

19. 19

20. Who is polluting the Ulaanbaatar air?20

21. Chemical Analysis Set-up
Experimental setup of the New Zealand Institute of Geosciences and Nuclear Sciences

22. PMF mass vs Gravimetric mass

23. Elemental Concentrations (ng/m3)
Elements
Arithmetic Mean
StdDev
Median
Maximum
Minimum
Samples > LODa
S/N
PM 2.5
51800
91400
28200
5700 BC
7290
10454
4242
94206
680
235
2.75 Na
290
425
112
2642 88
0.13 Mg
326
276
2083 31
200
0.62 Al
1150
1224
745
7627
227
0.81 Si
2305
1740
1871
10554
129
236
17.2 S
1969
3978
900
40079
125
17.55 Cl
139
133
849 12
2.14 K
324
239
243
1558 35 7 Ca
789
559
652
3194 50
11.92 Ti 37 33 28
156
191
0.27 Mn 15 14 11 65
178
0.18 Fe
523
388
416
2150 26 Cu 10 29 3
373
105
0.21 Zn 44 54 30
400
213
0.55 Pb 73
525
0.08

24. PM 2.5 PROFILES

25. Mass Contribution PM2.5 (Example NRC)
Source
PM2.5 mass μg/ m3
Soil
5.0 (0.3)a
Coal combustion 1
12.2(1.6)
Coal combustion 2
11.5(0.9)
Motor vehicles
1.9(0.2)
Biomass burning
1.1 (0.1)
Road dust
2.9 (0.2)
Zinc
0.6(0.1)

26. Pollution Source Apportionment

27. Pollution Source Apportionment PM10

28. Daily time Series of PM concentrations (Example TV site, GTZ station)
Working days
Weekend

29. Toxic Elements 29

30. Time Series of Toxic Elements

31. Air Quality Index Center UB Ger Area UB Concentrations AQI Ozone 14.3
mg/m3 6
PM2.5
150.0
200
PM10
300.0
173 CO
2214 21
SO2
18.1 10
NOx
30.0
Conditional pollutant
Average of WORST two
187
Average of ALL 82
Concentrations
AQI
Ozone
14.3
mg/m3 6
PM2.5
500.0
500
PM10
625.0
582 CO
2214 21
SO2
18.1 10
NOx
30.0
Conditional pollutant
Average of WORST two
541
Average of ALL
224

32. Conclusion 1 Main pollution sources are:
PM10- Soil erosion, Combustion, Motor vehichle, Biomass burning,
PM2.5- Coal combustion, Motor Vehicle+Road dust, Biomass burning, Soil
Ulaanbaatar is most polluted capital city of the world;
@ 50% of PM concentrations corresponds to ignition phase (cold start) and reloading of stoves;
There is presence of toxic elements: Hg, Ni, V, F, Cl, Br, As in the air;
Pb in the air is below the standard;
AQI is 82 (Moderate) in the Central area and more than 200(Very unhealthy) in the Ger areas;

33. What to do? 33

34. STOVE EMISSION AND EFFICIENCY TESTING LABORATORY34

35. Testing stoves 35

36. Data acquisition system36

37. SEET Lab. Diagram 37

38. Operator room

39. Gases 39

40. Temperature Measurements40

41. Particle Measurement 41

42. MONGOL STOVE

43. BLUD Mode of Mongol Stove

44. MODIFIED MONGOL STOVE

46. GTZ-7.5 STOVE

48. Conclusion 2
PM Emission can be reduced more than 99% using raw coal,
The PM emissions are so low that for much of the time the improved stove substantially cleans the ambient air that passes through it. The chimney gases are usually cleaner than the outdoor air.

49. Management ?

50. Air Pollution Concentration reductions due to emission reduction scenarios.
PM emissions needs to be reduced with about 94% to reach Mongolias own air quality standards for PM10:

51. Annual Health Benefits From Abatement Scenarios - benefits of different solutions accrue at different times.

52. The Cost of Delaying Short Term Measures: The decisive Argument for the project!

53. Some of the Lessons:
Paid off to make a full-scale AQM study.
Most critical argument for getting actual the projects through:
- Health Impacts (physical & economic).
- Cost effectiveness of abatement options, Cost of Inaction.
- Comparing concentration levels with other countries/cities.

54. Comparison of PM concentration at Zuun ail
Good News
Comparison of PM concentration at Zuun ail

56. Good, but not very good (NRC 2004-2012)

57. Thank You for Your Attention!

58. XRF Spectrometer SPECTRO Xepos, GENT, GRIMM Samplers