1. Native Americans European Exploration Africans and Slavery
Mrs. Dean
Social Studies

2. Arrival of Native Americans
Who discovered America?
28,000 nomadic hunters traveled BC over Bering Strait
Some continue to hunt large game
Others settle and become farmers
Native Americans reside throughout the Americas for thousands of years
million natives
More than 2000 groups (or tribes)

3. Native Americans Thrive
Hundreds of tribes succeeded in North America
Had their own distinct languages
Estimates of NA in North America = million (25 million in Mexico alone)
Harvested corn, beans, squash, sunflowers, cotton and took advantage of the numerous animal resources
Savage?

4. If this could be yours…would you take it?

5. Causes for European Exploration
3 G’s
Gold
God
Glory

6. Gold
In Europe – land is no longer the way to be rich…they looked to gold
Marco Polo – travels to China, wrote about the culture – sparks exploration
More and more people are interested in the exotic goods
Merchants realize they can make $ by selling goods from the East
Spices (cinnamon, pepper, cloves), perfumes, and precious stones in high demand
Most of the trading is done on land through middle men
Merchants begin looking for routes to trade directly with the East

7. Glory What is the U.S. known for TODAY?
Large nation-states begin to form (equivalent of countries)
Look to establish wealth and power specifically through power and trade
Establish laws, courts, taxes and armies
Improvements in technology encourage this growth
Moveable type/printing press = new info
Better maps = more accurate
Better navigation instruments = know direction/location
Better ships = longer voyages, faster, larger cargo areas
Look to make a better name for their nation-state!

8. God Church is constantly looking to acquire land, wealth and believers
Protestant Reformation (early 1500’s) – led to decline in Catholic Church
Look for areas and people to convert

9. Christopher Columbus How have you celebrated Columbus in the past?
Given money buy king to sail West towards Asia (for more efficient trading)
Return for gold and spices, Columbus would receive 10% of profits, governor of new lands, and the title Admiral of the Ocean Sea
October 1492 – landed in Bahamas
Kidnapped natives so he could find gold in Cuba
On return trips, Columbus focused on finding gold and slaves
Never found the “pot of gold” he was looking for
Many thousands of slaves died in route back to Europe
1515 – 50,000 Indians left; 1550 – only 500 (originally millions)

10. Spanish Settlement
Spanish settled primarily in the Caribbean and Central America
Ponce de Leon – first to arrive on North American mainland
Looking for gold (exhausted supply in Caribbean) and fountain of youth
Spanish primarily stay in South (such as Florida, New Orleans)

11. Explorers vs. Indians Examples of what is to come
Columbus = Arawaks of the Bahamas
Cortes = Aztecs of Mexico
Pizarro = Incas of Peru
English settlers of VA and MA = Powhatans and Pequots

12. Spanish vs. English Colonies
Spanish Armada
Failed attempt by Spain to restore English monarchy to a Catholic one
Spain no longer the ruler of the seas – opens the way for English exploration

13. English Take Over Exploration
1585 – Roanoke (off of North Carolina)
Difficult winter – colonists returned to England
1587 (2nd attempt)
100 men; 17 women
Wrote of Native Americans
Virginia Dare – first English colonist born on American soil
John White sailed back for more supplies – returned 3 years later, Roanoke deserted
Only clue – CROATOAN carved in a tree

14. English Exploration (cont’d)
Jamestown
Group of merchants from the Virginia Company of London
April 1607
In the Chesapeake Bay (Virginia) – named the river “James” and the town Jamestown” after who???
Left with 144 men – only 38 left a year later

15. Jamestown
Soldiers killed 16 Indians, burned houses, ruined corn fields, took queen of tribe and children
Took them into boats, threw children overboard and shot them in the head
Queen was taken off and stabbed to death
12 yrs later, Indians feared growing numbers of settlers and went on killing rampage: 347 men, women and children
When residents were starving, some ran off to join the Indians
Gov. of Jamestown ordered return of men but men did not
Gov. ordered revenge on Indians
Total War

16. Jamestown

17. New Wave of Colonists Came searching for religious freedom
Puritans = Protestants who wanted to reform the Anglican Church
Separatists (Pilgrims) = those who wanted to set up their own churches
Only 35 of 102 Mayflower passengers were Pilgrims
Originally planned on settling in Virginia, but landed in Cape Cod
“Mayflower Compact” – set up representative govt.

18. Pilgrims and Indians
What is Thanksgiving?
Thanksgiving Video

19. Africa Regions rich with natural resources – gold, copper, iron
By 1400, Portugal had set up trading posts on the west coast
Africans had long accompanied ships sailing to the New World, not necessarily as slaves

20. Africans First Africans (20) workers to Jamestown in 1619
Perhaps brought more as indentured servants – not lifetime service
Up until 1640 – some Africans were free and owned property
By 1660, slavery was recognized in Virginian law
African slaves came by the shiploads

21. Why Africans?....
Why not poor whites, Native Americans, or other willing servants?
1637 – very first American-made slave ship arrives in the colonies
Named Desire
Millions are to-be-slaves never make it to US
Disease
suicide

22. Slavery and the Middle Passage

23. Slavery in the US Evolves to the most cruel form in the world
Even in South American and Caribbean Islands, Africans maintained certain aspects of their culture
Religion
Music
Language

24. Colonial Rule
England views its North American colonies as economic resource
In order to profit, colonies need to export more than they import
Navigation Acts – ensures profits for England
Monopoly over all colonists goods
Colonists begin to smuggle goods
Magna Carta – English document that specifies limited government
Education important – Harvard (1636), William and Mary (1693) established

25. Time Notebook “Numbers” pg 115
bin/pdfServer.pl/sec/socialstudies/ose/aj20 03/full/docs/chap04.pdf

26. Additional Costs of Goods
research/cost-of-some-items-in-colonial- virginia.html

27. French and Indian War Map – pg 117
American population growing – need more room to expand
French had good relationship with NA
Did not want their land, but fur trade
Often married NA women
Iroquois balanced the power by siding with the British

28. French and Indian War
George Washington surveys the land in the Ohio River Valley
Assigned Liuetenant of 150 militia (1754)
Went to present day Pittsburgh – French already built a fort
Established a nearby fort – Fort Necessity
Washington tried to attack, but failed – returned to Virginia
Homework: Read Chapter 4-4 ( )